Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Physical Activity Profile af Adult Males in Riyadh City
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Prevalence of Hypertension in Obese and Non-Obese Saudis.
- Abstract OBJECTIVE
- Body Mass Index (BMI) In The Saudi Population Of Gassim.
- Central Obesity in Elderly Individuals In South-Western Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Associated Morbidity.
- High Rate of Obesity-Associated Hypertension among Primary Schoolchildren in Sudan.
- Epidemiology of Underweight and Overweight-Obesity among Term Pregnant Sudanese Women.
- Abstract BACKGROUND
- CONCLUSION
- Hypertension and Obesity in Police Forces Households in Khartoum, Sudan: A Pilot Report - Part of the "Police
- Abstract: 608
Physical Activity Profile af Adult Males in Riyadh City. Al-Rafaee SA, Al-Hazzaa HM. Exercise Physiology Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. refaee@ksu.edu.sa Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the patterns and determinants of physical activity among Saudi adult males living in Riyadh. METHODS: Self-administered ques onnaires were filled out by 1333 randomly selected Saudi males 19 years and older, during the Fall of 1996. RESULTS: Over 53% of Saudi males were totally physically inactive, and another 27.5% were irregularly ac ve. Only 19% of the entire sample were active on a regular basis. A curvilinear relationship was found between age and inactivity, with the middle age group the least active. Physical activity was lower among those who were married, work in the private sectors,
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working 2 shi s, less educated, or who had only one day off during the week. Time constraint seems to be the major contributing factor to inactivity, while maintaining health and losing weight were the most important reason for being physically active among Saudi males. CONCLUSION: The proportion of Saudi males who are at risk for inactivity is very high. Indeed, it is exceedingly higher than those who are at risk for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, or cigarette smoking. Public policies are needed to encourage active living and discourage sedentary habits. Health care providers have an important role in promoting physical activity among the population.
East Mediterr Health J. 2001 Jul-Sep;7(4-5):716-24. Central Obesity in Elderly Individuals in South-Western Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Associated Morbidity. Abolfotouh MA, Daffallah AA, Khan MY, Khattab MS, Abdulmoneim I. Department of Family Health, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt. mabolfotouh@yahoo.com Abstract Central obesity in all individuals aged 65 years and over (n = 810) in the catchment areas of three primary health care centres in Abha was determined from the waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The age-adjusted prevalence of central obesity was 32.4% and 43.5% based on the WC and WHR indicators respec vely. WC was significantly associated with the risk of diabetes and hypertension, while WHR was significantly associated with the risk of diabetes only. These findings suggest that reducing the prevalence of central obesity in old age would decrease the risk of diabetes and hypertension. WC is a powerful independent predictor mainly of hypertension risk, while WHC is a good predictor of the risk of diabetes.
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Saudi Med J. 2001 Mar;22(3):205-10. Current Concepts in the Management of Obesity. An Evidence Based Review. Al-Quaiz AJ. Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. joharah_m@hotmail.com Abstract The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is an important public health problem contributing to significant excess in morbidity and mortality. A cross-sectional national epidemiological household survey showed that the prevalence of obesity in female Saudi subjects was among the highest reported. Obesity is a complex multifactorial chronic disease that develops from an interaction of genotype and the environment. Our understanding of how and why obesity develops is incomplete, but involves the integration of social behavioral, cultural physiological, metabolic and genetic factors. While there is agreement about health risks of overweight and obesity, there is less agreement about their management. Primary health care services should play the dominant role for obesity management. Family physicians need to assess the patient's readiness to enter weight loss therapy and take appropriate steps for motivation. Weight loss and weight maintenance therapy should employ the combination of low caloric diet, increased physical activity, and behavioral therapy. Weight loss drugs may be used as part of comprehensive weight loss program. Weight loss surgery is an option for carefully selected patients with severe obesity Body Mass Index greater than 40. A er successful weight loss, a program consisting of dietary therapy, physical activity, and behavioural therapy, which should be continued indefinitely, enhances the likelihood of weight loss maintenance.
Saudi Med J. 2001 Jan;22(1):44-8. Prevalence of Hypertension in Obese and Non-Obese Saudis. El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS. Medical Biochemistry Department & WHO Collaborating Centre for Haemoglobinopathies, thalassaemias and enzymopathies, College of Medicine & King Khalid University Hospital, PO Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mohsen@ksu.edu.sa 601
Abstract OBJECTIVE: Obesity occurs at a high prevalence in the Saudi population. Studies in literature show that hypertension occurs more frequently in obese individuals. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of hypertension in obese Saudis in comparison with results obtained in non- obese individuals.
screening program. Only adults 14-70 years of age were included in the study. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) was measured when the individuals were in sitting position and height and weight were used to calculate Body Mass Index. All individuals with Body Mass Index > 30 were classified as obese and hypertension was measured as systolic blood pressure > 140 and diastolic blood pressure > 90 or both. The prevalence of hypertension was calculated in the obese and non-obese group. Chi square analysis was carried out to determine the significance of the difference in prevalence in different groups. RESULTS: In the non-obese males and females the prevalence of hypertension was 4.8% and 2.8%. While in the obese group the prevalence was almost 1.6 mes higher in the males (8%) and 3.52 times higher (8%) in the female obese. The results were separated on the basis of the province to which the population belonged and hypertension prevalence was calculated in the obese and non-obese. In each region the prevalence of hypertension was higher in the obese group compared to the non-obese group. Non-obese females had significantly lower hypertension prevalence than the male in the same province but the hypertension prevalence was higher in the females compared to the male in the obese group. Male in the Eastern, Southern and Western provinces did not show an increased hypertension prevalence in the obese. CONCLUSION: Since the prevalence of obesity is high in Saudis and since obesity and hypertension occur together and cause serious complications, it is strongly suggested that measures are adopted to decrease prevalence of obesity and its underlying complications. Awareness programs are required at the level of the general public for successful implication of preventive programs
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Saudi Med J. 2000 Apr;21(4):340-3. The Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Amongst Hypertensive and Diabetic Adult Patients in Primary Health Care. Al-Turki YA. Department of Family Medicine, KKUH, College of Medicine, KSU, PO Box 28054, Riyadh 11437, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst hypertensive and diabetic adult patients in primary health care centers, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
hypertensive and diabe c pa ents in 10 primary health care centers in Riyadh, from August to October 1999.
mass index < 25 kg/m2), while 35% were overweight (body mass index 25- 29.9 kg/m2). Forty one percent were moderately obese (body mass index 30-40 kg/m2) and 5% were morbidly obese (body mass index > 40 kg/m2). CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity are coexisting risk factors amongst hypertensive and diabetic adult patients, and are an important focus for treatment and prevention of high blood pressure and diabetes.
East Mediterr Health J. 2000 Mar-May;6(2-3):276-82. Prevalence Of Overweight And Obesity In Diabetic And Non-Diabetic Saudis. el-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS. Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract A total of 14,660 individuals were included in the study. A fas ng blood sample and 2-hour post-glucose load blood sample from each participant were analysed for blood sugar. Participants were classified as diabetic or non-diabetic and as either obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25- 29.9 kg/m2) or normal (BMI < 25 kg/m2). The prevalence of obesity was calculated in the total sample and separately for diabetic and non-diabetic
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males and females. The results showed obesity and overweight in 13.05% and 27.23% of males and 20.26% and 25.20% of females respec vely. The prevalence of both obesity and overweight were significantly higher among diabetics than non-diabetics. In each province, diabetics had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity than non-diabetics. Several interprovincial variations were seen. Public education on obesity and overweight and ways to decrease them are recommended in Saudi Arabia.
Afr J Med Med Sci. 1998 Mar-Jun;27(1-2):117-21. Body Mass Index (BMI) In The Saudi Population Of Gassim. Soyannwo MA, Kurashi NY, Gadallah M, Hams J, el-Essawi O, Khan NA, Singh RG, Alamri A, Beyari TH. Nephrology Unit, King Fahd Specialist Hospital (KFSH), Buraidah, Gassim, Saudi Arabia.
In a total cross-sectional population survey of the Faizia East Primary Health District of Buraidah, Gassim region of Saudi Arabia, 6,044 (2727 male and 3317 females) subjects out of a de facto popula on of 7695 got their BMI computed because infants and restless or bedridden subjects could not be examined. Mean (+/- SD) and percen les (25th & 75th) were calculated in the conven onal 5-year age cohorts as well as in functional age groups, namely, 0-5, 6-12, 13-49, 50-69 and 70+ years. 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percen les were computed only for the func onal age groups. In general, the trend was for BMI to increase with age in both genders but the curve pattern showed some plateauing from about the age of 50 with slight decline in later life. Females had significantly higher indices than males, this becoming quite prominent from the 10-14 year age cohort. This difference persisted irrespective of the types of age grouping or residential location. Overall means (+/- SD) were 20.14 +/- 5.98 vs 22.22 +/- 7.21 for males and females respec vely; df: 5771; p = 0.0000; 95% CI: -2.43, -1.735. Subjects in the urban living environment had significant higher indices than their rural counterpart: (21.666.92 vs 20.446.33: df: 5771; P = 0.0000; 95% CI: 1.595, -0.840). From the age of 15 about one quarter of females are overweight (BMI at the 75th percen le > 25) and from 30 years the same propor on are frankly obese (BMI > 30). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly positively correlated with BMI in 604
both genders: male SBP: r = 0.22, P < 0.0001; male DBP: r = 0.21, P < 0.00001; female DBP: r = 0.18, P < 0.00001.
East Mediterr Health J. 2001 Jul-Sep;7(4-5):716-24. Central Obesity in Elderly Individuals In South-Western Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Associated Morbidity. Abolfotouh MA, Daffallah AA, Khan MY, Khattab MS, Abdulmoneim I. Department of Family Health, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt. mabolfotouh@yahoo.com Abstract Central obesity in all individuals aged 65 years and over (n = 810) in the catchment areas of three primary health care centres in Abha was determined from the waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The age-adjusted prevalence of central obesity was 32.4% and 43.5% based on the WC and WHR indicators respec vely. WC was significantly associated with the risk of diabetes and hypertension, while WHR was significantly associated with the risk of diabetes only. These findings suggest that reducing the prevalence of central obesity in old age would decrease the risk of diabetes and hypertension. WC is a powerful independent predictor mainly of hypertension risk, while WHC is a good predictor of the risk of diabetes .
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SUDAN Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Mar;65(3):409-11. Epub 2010 Nov 10. Alarming High Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity among Sudanese Children. Nagwa MA, Elhussein AM, Azza M, Abdulhadi NH. Unit of Biochemistry, The Central Laboratory, Ministry of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan. Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of obesity among schoolchildren in Khartoum state, Sudan. Multistage stratified random sampling methodology was used. Sampling included different residen al areas within the state. A total of 1138 children between the ages of 10 and 18 years were involved in the study. More than 9% of the children were obese,
10.8% were
overweight whereas
combined overweight/obesity scored 20.5%. The prevalence of combined overweight/obesity among higher, middle and lower socioeconomic class children was 56.8, 27.3 and 3.1%, respec vely. These figures, being higher than those reported among Nigerian and South African children, living in similar conditions, may refer to an emerging problem of overweight and obesity especially among children of the higher and middle class families. Adoption of national programs of promoting healthy food habits and physical activity among children is recommended.
Int J Hypertens. 2010 Dec 22;2011:629492. High Rate of Obesity-Associated Hypertension among Primary Schoolchildren in Sudan. Salman Z, Kirk GD, Deboer MD. Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 800386, Charlo esville, VA 22908, USA. Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) frequently has roots in childhood, including following childhood-onset hypertension. Incidence of CVD has increased in developing countries in East Africa during recent urbanization. Effects of 606
these shifts on childhood hypertension are unclear. Our objectives were to (1) Determine the prevalence of hypertension among primary schoolchildren in Khartoum, Sudan; (2) Determine whether hypertension in this setting is associated with obesity. We performed a cross sectional study of 6-12y children from two schools randomly selected in Khartoum, Sudan. Height, weight, BMI, BP and family history of hypertension were assessed. Age-, height- and gender-specific BP curves were used to determine pre- hypertension (90-95%) and hypertension (>95%). Of 304 children, 45 (14.8%) were overweight; 32 (10.5%) were obese; 15 (4.9%) were pre- hypertensive and 15 (4.9%) were hypertensive. Obesity but not family history of hypertension was associated with current hypertension. In multiple logistic regression, adjusting for family history, children who were obese had a relative-risk of 14.7 (CI 2.45-88.2) for systolic hypertension compared to normal-weight children. We conclude that overweight and obesity are highly prevalent among primary schoolchildren in urban Sudan and are strongly associated with hypertension. That obesity-associated cardiovascular sequelae exist in the developing world at young ages may be a harbinger of future CVD in sub-Saharan Africa.
BMC Res Notes. 2010 Dec 6;3:327. Epidemiology of Underweight and Overweight-Obesity among Term Pregnant Sudanese Women. Rayis DA, Abbaker AO, Salih Y, Diab TE, Adam I. Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. ishagadam@hotmail.com. Abstract BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of obesity in young women is a major public health concern. Few data are available concerning the epidemiology of malnutrition especially obesity among pregnant women in the developing countries. A cross sectional study was conducted at Khartoum hospital during February-April 2008, to inves gate prevalence of underweight, obesity, and to identify contemporary socio-demographic predictors for obesity among term pregnant women in Khartoum Hospital, Sudan. After taking an informed consent, a structured questionnaire was administered to each woman to gather information on educational level, age and parity. Maternal weight and height were measured and expressed as body mass index (BMI - weight (kg)/height (m) 2).
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FINDINGS: Out of 1690 term pregnant women, 628 (37.1%) were primigravidae, 926 (54.8%) had ≥ secondary educational level (minimum of 8 years) and 1445 (85.5%) were housewives. The mean (SD) of the age and parity were 27.2 (6.3) years and 2.0 (2.1) respec vely. Out of these 1690 women, 94(5.5%) were underweight (BMI of ≤ 19.9 Kg/m2), 603 (35.6%) were overweight (BMI of 25 - 29.9 Kg/m2) and 328 (19.4%) were obese (BMI of ≥ 30 Kg/m2).In mul variate analyses, obesity was posi vely associated with age (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0-1.1; P< 0.001), and with women's educa on (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2-2.7; P = 0.001). Obesity was positively associated with parity in univariate analyses only (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0-1.2; P = 0.02)
represents a competing public health problem in Sudan. More research is needed.
Sudanese Journal of Public Health: January 2008, 3 (1) 17-25 Hypertension and Obesity in Police Forces Households in Khartoum, Sudan: A Pilot Report - Part of the "Police Forces Hypertension, Diabetes, Renal Insufficiency, and Thyroid Derangements (Hydrit) Study", Sudan) Hasan Abu-Aisha1 FRCP, Elwaleed AM Elhassan2 ABIM, MACP, Ammar Hassan Khamis3 PhD and Adil Abu-Elmaali4 MD 1 Consultant Physician and Nephrologist, Na onal Ribat University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. President, National Ribat University. Khartoum, Sudan. P.O.Box: 55, Tel.: +249183263591, Fax: +249183263590, Mobile: +249912444452 2 Assistant professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 3 Associate professor of Biosta s cs, Sudan University for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan 4 Head Department of Community Medicine, Na onal Ribat University, Khartoum, Sudan Abstract: 608
Premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases could be prevented by the effective control of hypertension (HTN). Excess weight is associated with increased rate of death from all-causes. Nationwide data for the status of hypertension and excess weight in the Sudanese population are not available. All the consen ng 426 inhabitants of two police housing- complexes were included. Blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements as well as blood samples were taken. Standard interviewing procedures were used to record medical history, socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics. The data was analysed through univariate and multivariate regressions. The overall prevalence of hypertension (based on two BP measurements) was 27%. Less than a third (29.8%) of the hypertensive subjects were aware of their disease. Pharmacotherapy among those aware of their disease was prescribed in 94.1%. However, 59.4% of them were compliant with their prescribed medicines and 28.1% attained effective BP control. Prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in older individuals (> 50 years of age), overweight (body mass index, (BMI) > 25) and those who had be er educa on (> 10 years of schooling). The cumula ve prevalence of overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2) was 30% while that for obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was 19.2%. Abdominal obesity was observed in 19.5% of males and 46.2% of females. Overweight subjects were more than twice likely to be hypertensive than their non-overweight counterparts (odds ra o 2.33 [1.49-3.64]). In the sample examined, the prevalence of hypertension and excess weight seemed to be comparable to other countries; this makes them a public health priority.
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