O‘zbekiston respublikasi sog‘liqni saqlash vazirligi toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi fizika fanidan farmatsiya fakulteti farmatsiya va sanoat farmatsiya fakultetlari yo`nalishlari

Planck Constant:
The proportionality constant (h) which provides the relation between the energy (E) of a photon and the frequency (v) of its associated electromagnetic wave in the so-called Planck Relation E = hv. It is essentially used to describe the sizes of individual quanta in quantum mechanics. Its value depends on the units used for energy and frequency, but it is a very small number (with energy measured in Joules, it is of the order of 6.626 CH 10^-34 J·s).

Planck Energy:
The super-high energy (approximately 1.22 CH 10¹⁹ GeV) at which gravity becomes comparable in strength to the other fundamental forces, and at which the quantum effects of gravity become important.

Planck Length:
The fantastically tiny length scale (approximately 1.6 CH 10^-35 metres) at which gravity becomes comparable in strength to the other fundamental forces. It is the scale at which classical ideas aboutgravity and space-time cease to be valid, and quantum effects dominate.

Planck Temperature:
The temperature of the universe at 1 Planck Time after the Big Bang, approximately equal to 1.4 CH 10³²°C.

Planck Time:
The time it would take a photon travelling at the speed of light to cross a distance equal to the Planck Length. This is the “quantum of time”, the smallest measurement of time that has any meaning, and is approximately equal to 10^-43 seconds.

Planck Units:
“Natural units” of measurement (i.e. designed so that certain fundamental physical constants are normalized to 1), named after the German physicist Max Planck who first proposed them in 1899. They were an attempt to eliminate all arbitrariness from the system of units, and to help simplify many complex equations in modern physics. Among the most important are the Planck Energy, the Planck Length, the Planck Time and the Planck Temperature.

Plasma:
A partially ionized gas of ions and electrons, in which a certain proportion of the electrons are free rather than being bound to an atom or molecule. It has properties quite unlike those of solids, liquids or gases and is sometimes considered to be a distinct fourth state of matter. An example of plasma present at the Earth's surface is lightning.


Positron:
The antiparticle or antimatter counterpart of the electron. The positron, then, is an elementary particlewith a positive electric charge, and the same mass and spin as an electron. The existence of positrons was first postulated in 1928 by Paul Dirac, and definitively discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932.