O‘zmu xabarlari вестник нууз acta nuuz

particularly strong effect on information of the second kind. 
Such opportunities are due to the different frequency of 
language units, their variability. Observations show that the 
situational replacement of the traditional designation with its 
rarer equivalent gives an increase in expressiveness. It is easy 
to see that any trope - metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, 
hyperbole, irony, etc. - is based precisely on the replacement 
of the traditional designator with a situational designation. 
The problem of deviation from the norm is one of the 
central issues of stylistics, poetics, rhetoric, and a lot of 
opinions on this issue have accumulated. One often hears and 
reads that the stylistic effect depends primarily on deviations 
and that the very essence of the language of poetry lies in the 
violation of norms. 
To imagine how this happens, it is necessary to 
consider the linguistic and psychological aspects of the 
problem. 
Linguists say that there are constants and variables in 
the language. Constants are the basis of the structure of the 
language and the rigid rules that exist at all its levels. Their 
violation cannot create additional meanings, it only creates 
nonsense. So, for example, the order of morphemes in a word 
is rigidly fixed, and the prefix cannot be moved from the 
beginning of the word to its end. In modern English, the place 
of the article in relation to the noun it defines is also constant: 
the article necessarily precedes the noun. For the phonetic 
level, important constants are the set of positions in which 
certain phonemes may or may not occur. So, for example, [N] 
cannot be at the beginning of a word. 
On the other hand, there are rules that allow variation, 
and variation introduces additional meanings. There is, for 
example, a normal, traditional order of the members of a 
sentence, which is relatively rigid in English; deviations from 
this order - the so-called inversion - give a significant stylistic 
effect, highlighting and strengthening certain words. But there 
is also a grammatical inversion (interrogative form), which 
does not have expressiveness. 
One of the types of inversion acquired the character of 
a grammatical norm, conveying the meaning of interrogation, 
but this norm, in turn, can be violated: an expressive question 
can also be asked with a direct word order. In the further 
presentation, in the section on morphological stylistics, it will 
be shown what rich opportunities for creating and breaking 
norms the system of English pronouns provides. 
Vocabulary provides the greatest opportunities for 
choice and variation. Here it is convenient to take for the 
traditional denoting either the dominant of the corresponding 
synonymic series, or the most probable word in the given 
context. Replacing a neutral and frequent dominant word with 
one of its rarer synonyms is stylistically relevant. 
Deviations from the norm can occur at any level: 
graphic, phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic, at the 
level of images and plot, etc. 
The writer gets more freedom of choice in terms of 
organizing the text outside the sentence: in terms of text 
sequence, frame structures, parallel structures, etc. All this is 
within the competence of stylistics. 
Thus, the contrast between the traditionally denoting 
and the situationally denoting is the contrast between the 
simplest, most frequent, and therefore the most probable use 
of linguistic elements and the one chosen by the writer in this 
message. 
Stylistic means are varied and numerous, but all of 
them are based on the same linguistic principle on which the 
entire mechanism of language is built: the comparison of 
phenomena and the establishment of similarities and 
differences between them, contrast and equivalence. 
The expressiveness of speech may, for example, 
depend on the comparison of the (subconscious) special 
arrangement of words in rhetorical figures with their 
arrangement provided for by the norms of syntax, and 
therefore the most probable1. 
The discrepancy between situationally denoting and 
traditionally denoting, noted by many representatives of 
various literary-critical schools, has been the subject of 

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