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bydemoDAY 7
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- Part 5 The history of snowboarding
F. Among domestic cats, males are more likely to fight than females. Among feral cats, the most common reason for cat fighting is competition between two males. In such cases, most fights are won by the heavier male. Another common reason for fighting in domestic cats is the difficulty of establishing territories within a small home. Female cats also fight over territory or to defend their kittens. G. Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of play. This behavior mimics hunting and is important in helping kittens learn to stalk, capture, and kill prey. Cats also engage in play fighting, with each other and with humans. This behavior may be a way for cats to practice the skills needed for real combat, and might also reduce any fear they associate with launching attacks on other animals. DAY 7 @CEFRWITHDEMO Part 5 The history of snowboarding Snowboarding is a recreational activity that involves descending a slope that is covered with snow while standing on a snowboard attached to a rider's feet. The snowboard is attached using a special boot set into a mounted binding. The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding, sledding, surfing and skiing. It was developed in the United States in the 1960s by Gordon Kosteroski and became a Winter Olympic Sport in 1998. Its popularity peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since. The first evidence of snowboarding dates back as early as the 1910s, when people would tie wooden planks from logs to their feet using fishing string and horse reins in order to steer themselves down hills. Modern snowboarding began in 1965 when Sherman Poppen, an engineer in Muskegon, Michigan, invented a toy for his daughters by fastening two skis together and attaching a rope to one end so they would have some control as she stood on the board and glided downhill. "Snurfer" — the combination of snow and surfer — became so popular among his daughters’ friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a manufacturer, Brunswick Corporation, that sold about a million snurfers over the next decade. And, in 1966 alone over half a million snurfers were sold. In the early 1970s, Poppen organized snurfmg competitions at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country. One of those early pioneers was Tom Sims, a devotee of skateboarding. As an eighth grader in Haddonfield, New Jersey, in the 1960s, Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom. He produced commercial snowboards in the mid 70s. During this same time, Dimitrije Milovich — an American surfing enthusiast who had also enjoyed sliding down snowy hills on cafeteria trays during his college years in upstate New York — constructed a snowboard called "Winterstick," inspired by the design and feel of a surfboard. Also during this same period, in 1977, Jake Burton Carpenter, a Vermont native who had enjoyed snurfmg since the age of 14, impressed the crowd at a Michigan snurfmg competition with bindings he had designed to secure his feet to the board. That same year, he founded Burton Snowboards in Londonderry, Vermont. The "snowboards" were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps. Very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at $38, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business. In the spring of 1976 Welsh skateboarders Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed a Plywood deck with foot bindings for use on the Dry Ski Slope at the school camp, Ogmore-by-Sea, Wales, UK. Further development of the board was limited as Matthews suffered serious injury while boarding: the 'deck' was much shorter than current snow boards. The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfmg Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in Muskegon Michigan. In 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non- snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding. It was also the first competition to offer prize money. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively in the Standard competition with best 2 combined times. DAY 7 @CEFRWITHDEMO 1. Snowboarding is an amateur kind of sport. A TRUE B FALSE C NOT STATED 2. Snowboarding firstly appeared as a form of entertainment for children. A TRUE B FALSE C NOT STATED 3. Sherman Poppen’s daughters called a new toy "Snurfer". A TRUE B FALSE C NOT STATED 4. Being a student of college Sims created his snowboard. A TRUE B FALSE C NOT STATED 5. "Winterstick" was firstly constructed in New Jersey, in the 1960s. A TRUE B FALSE C NOT STATED 6. First snowboards were rather costly A TRUE B FALSE C NOT STATED 7. Plywood deck was a great success in 1976. A TRUE B FALSE C NOT STATED 8. Jake Burton was allowed to take part in competition. A TRUE B FALSE C NOT STATED DAY 7 @CEFRWITHDEMO Part 6 In today’s world protecting the environment and sustainability are very important issues. Cities and councils throughout the world are working hard to improve the current situation and sustainability will be an important factor in all town and city development in the future. One city which has always had the environment as its top priority is the Brazilian city of Curtiba. It is in the south of the country and is one of the most innovative cities in the world. It is so environmentally-friendly it is known as the ecological capital of Brazil. It is such a successful example of sustainable development that it is visited by delegates from all over the world. The people in Curtiba are very proud of their city and not only believe in a greener lifestyle but they really live it. Sustainable development is evident in all aspects of city life. Residents have planted 1.6 million trees and over 70% of all waste is recycled. Curtiba has the highest rate of paper and glass recycling of anywhere in Brazil. Paper recycling in Curtiba saves over 1,000 trees a year. Like many cities in the world Curtiba also faces many socio-economic problems but because it is such a unique and forward thinking city the residents came up with a revolutionary idea to help poor families and reduce waste at the same time. Each family sorts its rubbish and then it is weighed and ‘sold’ back to the city council in exchange for fruit and meat. This provides healthy food for those who can’t afford it and also encourages recycling and helps keep the city clean and tidy. Rubbish which cannot be recycled is burnt to make electricity. The city’s public transport is also one of the greenest in the world. The bus service is cheap and efficient and saves millions of car journeys each year as you can use the buses to get anywhere in the city. There are over 70 kilometres of bus only routes through the city. Roads have 4 lanes, 2 for cars and .lorries and 2 for buses only. This means buses can run freely through the city without getting stuck in traffic jams. As a result millions of people use the bus every day rather than their cars. There $re also special bus lines for students, the disabled and tourists. The best thing, though, is that the 1,200 buses which make up the network run on biodiesel; that is fuel made from plants like soya. Reduced car traffic and low consumption of traditional fuels means that Curtiba is one of the least polluted cities in Brazil. Curtiba was one of the first cities in the world to have completely car free areas in the city centre. Also their bus stops have been carefully designed so that they are level with the buses. They are tube shaped and have ramps to provide easy access for everyone. Curtiba has grown dramatically over the years. In 1950 300,000 people lived there, now the population is 1.8 million. However, even from the beginning the needs of the city had to be balanced with the needs of the environment. Fortunately, this has had great economic benefits for the economy. Income per capita is 60% higher than the national average. The architect who led the city’s growth in the 1960s was so popular he later became the city’s mayor. One big challenge that the city has faced throughout its development is flooding. The city has had to find ways to protect itself from flooding which has affected the city centre for many years. Curtiba wanted to find a solution which worked with nature. The solution they came up with involved creating a number of lakes in the city’s parks which could hold flood water. Also no buildings were allowed to be built in areas which had a risk of flooding. One of the most beautiful buildings in the city is the university. It is called the free university of environment and was built using reclaimed eucalyptus poles. You can study a wide range of subjects there although of course it offers many different environmental courses, including bio-architecture. Download 269.35 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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