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Box 4. International experience in results-based state financing of higher
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Box 4. International experience in results-based state financing of higher
education institutions The single criteria system. The multi-criteria system. Despite the vast variety of methods of results-based financing, two major methods are distinguished in international practice: constant indicators and time-bound efficiency-based contractual funding arrangements. The set of constant indicators in turn is subdivided into two types: single and multi-criteria systems. The French tertiary education system receives about 50 percent of its state funding based on a per capita principle (per capita norms vary according to the course and the specialization). Calculated funding is allocated to institutions as a lump sum, which provides tertiary institutions with significant budgetary autonomy. In Denmark, 30 to 50 percent of the state funding is disbursed based on the number of students who have passed state exams. This type of funding is advisable given the efficient education quality monitoring in place in the country. The Dutch funding system allocates about 50 percent of public funding for university teaching based on an output criteria. To prevent dramatic fluctuations, the amount of funding is calculated based on the average number of graduates over a two-year period. In South Africa, 89 percent of state expenditures on higher education are disbursed based on multiple performance criteria. The Ministry of Education publishes an annual statement that determines how performance criteria will be calculated 11 Policy brief • 1 (12) • 2009 Calculations show that in order to achieve an average indicator of population coverage with higher education for transitional economies, investment in higher education must be increased from 0.6 to 1.4 percent of the GDP. Increasing the funding of higher education to this level through public investments in the near future seems unadvisable, if not impossible. Rather, this can be achieved through a more active participation of business circles in the process of education and funding from the private sector; presently, this is one of major potential sources of increasing investment in higher education. In recent years, the countries that financially support students link this support with academic indicators, but the level of requirements varies. The condition for support in UK and Denmark are more active involvement of students in the learning process. Both Norway and Sweden require students to write exams, while Sweden stipulates an established time period. In the Netherlands, beginning in 1996, basic grants were replaced by academic- performance-based grants. In most developed countries, both the public and private sector take part in the educational loan system. Student loans are common even where higher education is funded from budgets of various levels, for example, in Germany and Sweden. Students usually receive loans for related costs such as accommodation, textbooks and miscellaneous expenses. Student loan systems in many developed countries were developed and introduced in the 1970s 1980s and are still undergoing changes. Reputable scientific centres of Europe generally refer to the Asian model during their research of current trends in the world's education systems. Scientists affirm that the developing Asian educational system harmoniously combines institutional structures and education management from Asian countries and borrowed from beyond the continent, particularly from the United States of America and the UK. Special attention in this research is given to the structure and content of education in Japan as well as the “Asian Tigers” (Republic of Korea, Taiwan Province of China, Singapore and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). Their powerful breakthrough on the world market mainly results from appropriate priority setting. Due to their small territory and lack of mineral deposits reserves, the governments have invested in education. Only a highly educated people with their level of capability and innovative approach, according to them, could lift these countries from the category of poor and technically backwards through a trend of steep progress and create “an economic miracle”. Later, leaders of Malaysia, China, India, Turkey and other Asian countries with varying natural resources potential adapted this view of the role of education. As indicated in the research literature, national and historical traditions and mentalities were important support in achieving impressive results in education and relevant scientific and technical progress. The is currently characterized by a modern culture of pursuing higher education at prestigious universities. Its higher education is both egalitarian and elitist. On the one hand, the Government consistently and willingly supports the policy of equal opportunities with regard to access to higher education; on the other hand, the universities form a distinct hierarchy where listing the value of diplomas from various universities may be different. Such a balanced and circumspect policy has yielded positive results. In 2005, 97 percent of the population aged 25 34 had a higher - -
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