Pedagogika instituti ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi chet tillar- ona tillari qiyosiy tipologiyasi

marbre).
28.Reduction refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, which
are related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or
position.
29.The accent is a relative prominence of a particular syllable of a word by greater
intensity or by variation or modulation of pitch or tone.
30.Rhythm is the pattern or flow of sound created by the arrangement of stressed
and unstressed syllables in accentual verse or of long and short syllables in
quantitative verse.
31.Pysiological-acousticis is a branch of acoustics that studies the structure and
branch function of the sound-detecting and sound-forming organs of man
andanimals.
32.Obstruent is a speech sound such as [k], [d ʒ], or [f] that is formed by
obstructing airflow.
33. Sonorant or Resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous,
non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that
are most often voiced in the world's languages.
34.Unrounded is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages,
represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol.
35.Mid vowels.The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is
positioned midway between an open vowel and a close vowel.
36.Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization
of sounds in languages.
37.Linguistic prosody is concerned with those elements of speech that are not
individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of
syllables and larger units of speech.
38.The nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the
middle of the face. Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils. 144

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39.Morphology is the main part of grammar that studies parts of speech their

categories and word systems.
40.Morphological level studies the smallest meaningful unit of a language –
morpheme. The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe ‗form‘ + -eme.
The Greek suffix -erne has been adopted by linguists to denote the smallest
significant or distinctiveunit.
41.Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world that
groups languages according to their common morphological structures.
42.Analytic languages show a low ratio of morphemes to words; in fact, the
correspondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are
composed of independent root morphemes.
43.Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent
morphemes to a root morpheme.
44.Due to the presence and absence of word forms (prefixes, infixes, suffixes)
language, words are divided into those, which have affixes, and those, which do
not have them.
45.Language that does not have affixes is called Isolate: Chinese, Japanese.
46.When a word is a whole sentence, this type is called Polysynthetic 
(American-Indian languages). These languages have a high morpheme-to-word
ratio, a highly regular morphology, and the tendency for verb forms to include
morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject.
47.Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that are
always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents
only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are
easily demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, and they may be
individually identified.
48.Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the root
or among themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into one
affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the
root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or
by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone, which are of course inseparable
from the root.
49. The term grammatical category is based on grammar. It means the
combination of the meaning, its form. (eg. Work+s =works / cat.of tense).
50.The syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the
structure of sentences in a given language, specifically word order. The term
syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes.[3] The
goal of many syntacticians is to discover the syntactic rules common to all
languages.
51.Syntactic typology is concerned with discovering cross-linguistic patterns in
the formation of particular constructions, whether those constructions are phrasal,
clausal, or sentential.
52.Nominative language is a languagewhere the single argument of an intransitive
verb and the agent of a transitive verb (both called the subject) are treated alike and
kept distinct from the object of a transitive verb.

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53.Ergative language is a language in which the single argument ("subject") of an

intransitive verb behaves like the object of a transitive verb, and differently from
the agent ("subject") of a transitive verb. For instance, instead of saying "she
moved" and "I moved her", speakers of an ergative language would say the
equivalent of "she moved" and "by me moved she".
54.Word order in linguistics typically refers to the order of subject (S), verb (V)
and object (O) in a sentence. The arrangement of words in a phrase, clause, or
sentence. In many languages, including English, word order plays an important