Plan: Harmful effects of motor transport on the population, workers and the environment. An understanding of the ecological nature of motor transport

Motor transport and environmental protection.
Plan:


1. Harmful effects of motor transport on the population, workers and the environment. An understanding of the ecological nature of motor transport.
2. Organization of work on reducing the harmfulness of automobile exhaust gases at ATK.
3. Noise. Effects of noise on humans. Effect of technical condition of cars on noise level. Noise reduction methods.
4. Methods of controlling the pollution of waste water and used water in ATK and ensuring their normalization.
It is known that the technical condition of the equipment in the supply and ignition systems changes as the car travels more distance. This situation leads to an increase in fuel consumption, which means an increase in the amount of fuel in the combustible mixture, as well as an increase in toxic substances in the combustion products. These changes occur after 8-9 thousand km of car maintenance. the road is formed after walking. By this time, fuel consumption will increase by 1.6%, and the toxicity of combustion products will increase by 2...4 times.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a new problem of "ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION" appeared as a result of the development of industry and road transport. If plants and factories are located in one specific place and pollute only certain areas, then cars will affect the entire area within reach of human feet. Road transport is currently considered to be more polluting than factories.
The harmful effects of motor transport on the environment can be seen in the diagram below.
When burning any fuel, various combustion emissions are released. These wastes have a great impact on human health and the environment. Factories, factories and motor transport enterprises in the city are the main sources of environmental pollution. The biggest problem at the moment is to reduce the toxic emissions from the use of cars.
When burning any fuel, various combustion emissions are released. These wastes have a great impact on human health and the environment. Factories, factories and motor transport enterprises in the city are the main sources of environmental pollution. If plants and factories are located in one specific place and pollute this place, and cars will have an effect wherever they work. Road transport is currently considered to be more polluting than factories.
The biggest problem at the moment is to reduce the toxic emissions from the use of cars. The main harmful emissions of automobiles, currently, it has been found that there are more than 200 toxic emissions in the gas produced from fuel combustion. The most toxic ones include: carbon monoxide - SO, unburned hydrocarbons - SN, nitrogen oxides - NOx. Many countries have introduced permitting standards for these emissions. Emissions from fuel combustion in our country are regulated by the UN Economic Commission for Europe. It was introduced in 1970 based on the issued instructions. (YEEKOON).
Waste gases also contain harmless products: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur. But nitrogen forms an oxide at high temperature and pressure, which is extremely toxic. Toxic products in waste gases are not always in the same volume according to many reasons. It depends on the type of engines, operating mode, how they are tuned, engine maintenance and fuel quality.
The complex indicator shows how much fresh air is needed to neutralize exhaust gases. Based on the table below, it can be seen that diesel engines are much more harmless than carbureted engines (33% less harmful). The composition of the exhaust gases is the same for the 2 different engines as we can see below, but we must not ignore the presence of lead compound in carbureted engines and barium compound in diesel engines.
These compounds are formed as follows:
- as a result of adding ethyl alcohol to increase the anti-detonation properties of gasoline (this alcohol contains lead);
- to reduce the ignition of diesel fuel, a special anti-smoke agent is added, which is prepared with the presence of barium. Engine operating conditions play a major role in whether exhaust gases are harmful or harmless. For example, the highest emission of SO is produced when the engine is running alone, when the engine is running on an enriched fuel mixture. To reduce the toxicity of waste gases, work is being carried out in 2 different directions:
Improving the mode of operation of the I-Engine, using various auxiliary equipment and high-quality fuel, performing adjustment work.
II-Production of low-harmful engines: gas turbine, external combustion-Stirling engine, electric cars, etc.

INDICATORS

VEHICLE TYPES
Diesel engine
Carburetor engine
MAZ-500
KAMAZ 5320
ZIL-130
GAZ-53A

Carrying capacity, t

8
8
6
4

Engine type

YAMZ-236
KAMAZ 5320
ZIL-130
ZMZ-53

Engine power, ok

180
210
150
115

Relative fuel consumption, g ( ox

167
165
240
238

Standard operating consumption, l (100 km

30
32
38
29.5

Relative toxic substance release, g(ox( SO (

5.3
4.0
60
50

Hydrocarbons ( SN (

2.4
3.0
7
7

Nitric oxide ( (Ox (

10.8
13.5
13
12

Complex indicator of toxicity

134.8
164.34
218.7
196.7
A diesel engine is less harmful than a carburetor engine. SO, NOx, and SN are released less during the operation of diesel engines, but the size of the body is greater. This can be seen in the table below.
According to the data of the World Health Organization, environmental damage caused by the operation of automobile transport is characterized by the following indicators: for example, in the USA, 142 million tons annually. if harmful substances are released into the atmosphere, 86 mln.t of them are produced as a result of the operation of cars.
In a car, 3 different sources of environmental pollution can be seen: exhaust gases, crankcase gases, and harmful substances formed as a result of fuel combustion (from the fuel tank, carburetor, etc.).
Exhaust gases make up 65-70% of harmful substances released into the environment as a result of car operation, and crankcase gases make up 20%.
GOST 16533-70, introduced on January 1, 1971, limits the amount of SO in the exhaust gases released as a result of the operation of gasoline engines.
GOST 21393-75 limits the emission of gases from diesel engines, in 1980 GOST 16533-70 was replaced by a new state standard 17.2.2.03-77, which also limits the amount of SO in the exhaust gases of gasoline engines. This is standard gasoline
applies to working trucks, cars and buses.
According to the new GOST, the volume of SO should not exceed 1.5% for all cars, and checking the content of SO in the exhaust gases, in cities with a population of more than 300 thousand, as well as in capital cities, resorts, when TX-2 is carried out, after car repair, technical maintenance carried out by DAN employees.
The engine must be warmed up according to the instructions before starting the vehicle during the emission test. Then, while the engine is running, the sampling tube should be inserted 300 mm into the car's speaker and fixed.
The reading of the measuring instrument should be from 0 to 5% or from 0 to 10%, and the error should not exceed (5%). must be.
According to the accounting books, if GOST 17.2.2.03-77 is followed, the content of SO in the exhaust gases can be reduced by 20%, and the consumption of gasoline will be greatly reduced.
Stations for determining the composition of waste gases should be established at all ATCs. On the other hand, a pass must be given to the owners of private cars in the public transportation system. It is necessary to make sure that the emissions are not higher than the norm.
Indicators comparing the harmfulness of exhaust gases from diesel and carburetor engines. (By Volume (
Waste gases
The composition of waste gases, %

the name of the ingredients

Gasoline engines
Diesel engines

Nitrogen
74-77

76-78

Oxygen
0.3-8.0

2-18

Water
3.0-5.5

0.5-4.0

Carbon-2 oxide

5-12
1-10

Carbon monoxide

1-10
0.02-0.50

Nitrous oxide

0-0.8
0.001-0.400

Hydrocarbons

0.20-0.30
0.1-0.10

Sulfur gas

0-.002
0-.03

Body, g(m3

0-.04
0.1-1.5

Benzopyrin, g(m3

0.0002
0.00001
In addition to the toxic gases emitted by cars, the noise emitted by them also affects the human body. The table below shows the most common noise levels.


Books

1. 
   Lectures of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan IA Karimov on the development of the national economy, including the automobile industry in the conditions of the market economy, government decisions, opinions, speeches and scientific articles of advanced scientists and specialists (from 1991 to the present day.
   
2.