Political theory
particular/universal (Hegel)
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Andrew Heywood Political Theory Third E
particular/universal (Hegel) 59 American Revolution (1776) 30, 58, 139, 203, 205, 235, 348, 361 American South 180, 181, 182, 187 American West 350 Americanization/McDonaldization 108, 109 anarchism 28, 66, 67, 68, 263, 278, 338, 363, 371 classical 337, 369 communitarian 202, 322, 367 scientific (Kropotkin) 26 theory of state power 81–5 utopianism 366, 369 anarchists 167, 168, 169, 179, 194, 197, 203, 204, 254, 291, 370 classical 202 anarcho-capitalism 85, 334, 337, 339 anarcho-communism 26 anarchy 118, 123, 163, 199 Anarchy, State and Utopia (Nozick, 1974) 299, 318 Ancient Greece 21, 44, 52–3, 112, 184, 198, 204, 208–9, 221, 222 Ancient Rome 91, 116, 205, 206, 350 Anderson, B. 101 animal experiments 192 Animal Liberation (Singer, 1975) 192, 359 animal rights 185, 191–6 animals 189, 374 anomie (Durkheim) 34 anti-colonialism 102–4, 273 Anti-Comintern Pact (1937) 111 Anti-Du¨hring (Engels, 1877–8) 83 anti-globalization 373 anti-individualism 33 anti-foundationalism 13 anti-perfectionism 30 anti-psychiatry 281–2 anti-Semitism 105, 162 anti-statism 337 apartheid 113, 266, 287 Appeal from New to Old Whigs (Burke, 1791) 348 Aquinas, T. 36, 67, 157, 158 Arab-Israeli conflict 95–6 ‘archaeologies’ (Foucault) 129 Ardrey, R. 18, 24 Arendt, H. 57, 58, 137, 140, 205, 361 aristocracy 70, 189, 287, 359 Aristotle 35, 36, 58, 67, 69, 69–70, 123, 142, 157, 158, 221, 293, 299, 319 ‘political animal’ 55, 57 armed service 86 armed struggle 102 388 arms race 112, 126 army 79, 307 Arrow, K. 249–50 Articles of Confederation (1777) 113 Asia 98, 102, 202, 300, 355 Asquith, H.H./Asquith reforms 39, 307, 310, 360 Assembly (Ecclesia) 53 ‘asset-based welfare’ 314 atheism/atheists 268, 338 Athens 21, 53, 198, 201, 224 Atomic Energy Community 114 ‘atomism’ 33–4, 35, 43–4 atomization 58 Attlee, C.R. 353, 360 Augustine of Hippo 25, 36, 91, 158 Austin, J. 93, 158, 261 Australasia 70 Australia 71, 86, 94, 113, 209, 212, 214, 249, 305, 314 Austria 111 Austrian School 338 Authoritarian Personality (Adorno, et al., 1950) 141, 280 authoritarianism 30, 43, 104–5, 130, 135, 150, 338 ‘authoritative allocation of values’ (Easton) 53 authority 4–5, 53, 55, 121, 129–41, 150, 242 charismatic (Weber) 39, 133, 134–5, 141 ‘collapse’ 140 de jure 136 de facto 136 defenders and detractors 136–41 distinguished from ‘power’ 130 erosion 137 ‘in authority’ v. ‘an authority’ 132–3, 136 kinds 133–6 legal 164 legal-rational (Weber) 39, 133, 135–6, 137 power and 131–3 sources (spiritual and temporal) 90 state 197 traditional (Weber) 133–4 Weberian sense 130, 131, 133 Autobiography (Mill) 256 autonomy 258, 261 individual 161 local 367 Auxiliaries (Plato) 364 Ayer, A.J. 261 ‘baby bonds’ 314–15 Bachrach, P. 125–6, 228 ‘Back to Africa’ movement 103 Bahro, R. 194–5 Bakunin, M. 41, 43, 85, 202 ‘banality of evil’ (Arendt) 58 Baratz, M. 125–6 Barry, B. 218, 241, 245 Basques 99 Beauvoir, S. de 20, 63 Beetham, D. 142, 144, 362 behavioural psychologists 20 behaviouralism 9, 11 behaviourism (school of psychology) 9 Being and Time (Heidegger, 1927) 8 Belgium 49, 134, 209 beliefs 8, 142, 271, 346 Bell, D. 167 Ben Bella, M.A. 273 benefits 33, 304 means-tested 311 universal 305, 311 Bentham, J. 24, 170–1, 187, 191, 229, 243–4, 260, 357, 359 Berger, P. 146 Berlin, I. 30, 253, 258, 260, 261, 263, 266, 372, 373 Bernstein, E. 309 Beveridge Report (1942) 304, 310 Beyond Freedom and Dignity (Skinner, 1971) 20 Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche, 1886) 37 Beyond Left and Right (Giddens, 1994) 309 Bible 170 bicameralism 206 Bill of Rights (USA) 154, 186, 188 bills of rights 226 disadvantages 187 possibility (UK) 155 biology 17, 18, 19, 25, 32, 48, 64, 213, 277, 278, 302, 354, 356 Birth of Clinic (Foucault, 1963) 129 Birth of Tragedy (Nietzsche, 1872) 37 Bismarck, O. von 52, 307 black consciousness 275 Black Muslims/Nation of Islam 48, 103, 275 Black Power 48, 103, 275 black suffrage (US South) 182 Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon, 1952) 104 blacks 187, 210, 239 Blair, T. 40, 166, 224, 237, 309 blasphemy 160, 257 Bloch, E. 370 Bobbitt, P. 77, 107 Bodin, J. 90, 96, 165 ‘body politic’ 44, 76 Boer War (1899–1902) 307 Bolsheviks 39, 84, 352, 362 Bookchin, M. 85, 194 ‘borderless’ world 107 Index 389 Borgia, C. 54, 55 Bosnia 96 Bottomore, T. 228 ‘bourgeois ideology’ 274 bourgeoisie 47, 81, 128, 146, 321 Brave New World (Huxley, 1932) 368 Bright, J. 105 Brittany 100 Brownmiller, S. 19 Buchanan, J. 247, 250 Buddhism 25, 49, 192, 194, 281 Building the Green Movement (Bahro, 1986) 195 Bundestag 270 bureaucracy 135–6, 324, 332 ‘bureaucratic over-supply’ 80 Burke, E. 22, 23, 139, 166, 167, 301, 303, 347, 348, 351, 352, 353, 355 representation 233, 234 Burnham, J. 81 Bushmen of Kalahari 67–8 business: disproportionate power 79–80 businesses, private 56 see also companies cabinet 132 Calculus of Consent (Buchanan and Tulloch, 1962) 247, 250 Cambodia 92 Canada 94, 113, 214, 249, 305, 352–3 Canute, King 351 capital 107, 109, 343 Capital (Marx, 1867, 1885, 1894) 371 capital punishment 188 capitalism 27, 82, 87, 108, 127–8, 156, 168, 193, 194, 204, 287, 316, 340 alternative forms 373 bureaucratic tendencies (Schumpeter) 223 ‘commodity production’ (Marx) 325 corruption of human beings 369 global 341, 343 industrial 29, 261, 346 ‘inevitable collapse’ (Marx) 279, 309 international 275 liberal 279 Marx’s definition 333 ‘sexual repression’ and (Marcuse) 277, 278 susceptibility to reform ‘secret of survival’ 363 Capitalism and Freedom (Friedman, 1962) 259 Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Schumpeter, 1942) 80, 223, 227 Carmichael, S. 275 Carroll, L. vi Case for Animal Rights (Regan, 1983) 195–6 case law 95 cash crops 328 censorship 3, 257, 271–2 Central Asia 49 central planning 87, 150, 316, 324, 325, 326, 328, 353 ‘disregard of consumer tastes’ 331–2 ‘failure to encourage enterprise’ 331 political and moral criticisms 332 ‘waste, overmanning, low productivity’ 336 certainty 53 ‘no such thing’ 7 Chamberlain, H.S. 48 change, ‘natural’ 345, 346, 352, 353 change in order to conserve 346, 348, 351–3 chaos theory 373 characteristic representation 237–9 checks and balances 70, 78, 93, 154, 226, 231, 232 Chesterton, G.K. 347 childbirth/childcare 190 children 137, 140, 161, 190, 200, 202, 265 China 84, 110, 234, 361 choice 57, 373 consumer 341 freedom of 259, 340 options available 259 Chomsky, N. 147 Christian Democracy (Europe) 138, 353 Christianity 21, 25, 36, 37, 48–9, 59, 91, 134, 192, 309, 346 Catholic Church/Roman Catholics 90, 268 church 201, 359 church and state 91 fundamentalism 271 individual salvation 267 Jesus Christ 134, 364 Papacy 90, 267, 268 Protestant churches 355–6 Protestant ethic 25 Reformation 267, 355–6 Churchill, Sir W.L.S. (1874–1965) 114 Cicero 205 circumcision, female 218 citizenship 77, 98, 107, 157, 184, 191, 197, 198, 204–18 active 204, 211–12 differentiated xv, 213 elements 204–9 ‘of entitlement’ (Marshall) 212 feminist approach 208 ‘limited’ 209 ‘multiple’ 209 responsibilities/obligations 208, 212, 218 rights 207, 212, 218 390 Index second-class 207, 210, 213 social 204, 209–11, 219 ‘total’ 209 universal 208, 213–18 ‘Citizenship and Social Class’ (Marshall, 1963) 207 City of God (Augustine of Hippo) 91 city-states 53, 67, 205, 224, 225 civic responsibility 314 civic virtue 205, 209 ‘civic republicanism’ (Sandel) 36 civil association 139 disobedience 179–82 liberty 72, 78, 140, 149, 150, 155, 218, 226, 243, 263, 267, 354 rights 48, 82, 178, 180, 210, 213, 238, 287 society 41, 56, 58, 59, 60, 70, 72, 75, 85, 87 service 78, 79, 343 unrest 307 war 66, 76, 117, 199, 362 civilization 166, 355 claim-rights 186 class/social class 7, 10, 30, 46–7, 60, 82, 83, 87 class conflict/struggle 45, 195, 274, 329 consciousness 47, 146 domination/power 145, 156 ‘for-itself’ 146 ‘in-itself’ 146 inequality 128, 210, 212 interests 187 oppression/exploitation 128, 204, 321 society/system 81, 146, 361 solidarity 42 Clausewitz, K.M. von (1780–1831) 60 Clinton, B. 166, 237 coalition government 71, 237, 249 Cobden, R. 105 coercion 57, 77, 91, 92, 131, 132, 142, 168, 196, 231, 294 cold war 68, 112, 118, 126 Coleridge, S.T. 256 ‘collected reason of ages’ (Burke) 347 collectivism 25, 27, 41–3, 50, 168, 303, 304, 314, 324, 373 self-managing 43 ‘collectivist anarchism’ (Bakunin) 41 collectivization 323 colonialism 48, 83–4, 101, 202, 307 command economy 42, 326, 329 Commentary (journal) 140 commodities 317, 333 common ‘culture’ (Tawney) 293, 309 good 222, 230, 239, 240 ‘humanity’ 42, 119, 241 law 95, 143, 154, 186, 347, 357 ownership 292 Common Sense (Paine, 1776) 206, 235 Commonwealth of England (1649–60) 361 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 112, 113 Commonwealth of Nations 112–13 communism 25, 26, 60, 82, 273, 321, 362, 367, 371, 372 classless 82, 366, 369 collapse 70, 71, 83, 87, 107, 149–50, 330, 362 full 295 orthodox 87, 149–50, 316, 323, 329 Plato 21 post-scarcity society 368 ‘Soviet power plus electrification’ (Lenin) 326 stateless 369 theory v. reality 372 ‘tyrannical and dictatorial features’ 83 Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels, 1848) 60, 81, 321, 340, 371 Communist Party (Soviet Union) 39, 144, 187, 326 communist regimes/states 12, 74 orthodox 144, 239, 362 communists 256, 291, 322 communitarian anarchists 202 communitarianism 7, 13, 33, 35–6, 69, 212, 308, 311 criticism of liberalism 30 ‘high’ and ‘low’ 35 Communitas (Goodman, 1960) 367 community 41, 59, 61, 107, 137, 202, 293, 308, 309, 311, 329 individual and 32–4 community power 124 companies (corporations, firms) 122, 321 ability to re-locate production and capital 343 externalities 341 individual 336, 340 joint-stock 321–2 multinational 61, 97, 107, 108, 109, 340 private 245, 323, 324, 328 small 79 competition 23–6, 149, 241, 335, 336, 366 ‘perfect’ 334 ‘complex equality’ (Walzer) 36 ‘comrade’ 42 Concept of Law (Hart, 1961) 159 concepts xv, 1–14 contested 5 descriptive 11 normative 11–12 conditioned reactions 20 confederations 112, 119 Index 391 Confessions (Rousseau, 1770) 242 conflict 45, 67, 74, 241 absence 369 resource-allocation 60 social 19 conflict-resolution 52, 53 Confucianism 72 connectivity 373 Conquest of Bread (Kropotkin, 1906) 26 consciousness 19, 59, 63, 275 consensus 12, 44, 53, 74, 248 consent/popular consent 30, 137, 142, 203, 251, 347 constitutionalism and 143–5 Consequences of Pragmatism (Rorty, 1982) 9 conservation (energy) 245 conservatism 7, 12, 22, 138–40, 337, 349 criticism 138–9 pragmatic 348 progressive 351 social 211 Conservative Party (UK) 166, 353 conservatives 137, 166, 170, 187, 191, 201, 218, 256, 265, 273, 287, 291, 297, 301, 307, 335, 346, 348, 352, 355, 360 authoritarian 203 defenders of private property 318, 320 modern 289 need to limit private property 320–1 Considerations on Representative Government (Mill, 1861) 256 Conside´rations sur la France (de Maistre, 1796) 165 Constant, B. 206, 253, 263 Constitution of Liberty (Hayek, 1960) 338 Constitution of Society (Giddens, 1984) 309 constitutionalism 30, 78, 155, 164, 203, 206, 338 and consent 143–5 constitutions 143–4, 226 balanced 138 British 93 ‘ideal’ 69 mixed 70 unwritten/uncodified 143, 154, 155 written/codified 94–5, 143, 155 see also checks and balances; US Constitution consumer choice 259, 330 goods 150, 328, 331 protection 126 sovereignty 339 (‘illusion’ 341) consumers 160, 281, 324, 327, 334, 335, 336 consumption, private (Soviet Union) 330 Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (Rorty, 1989) 9 ‘contingently’ contested concepts 5 continuity 346–9 contract-enforcement 85–6, 334 Contribution to Critique of Political Economy (Marx, 1859) 371 conventional wisdom 269 Cooper, D. 281, 282 cooperation 23–6, 31, 202, 260, 263, 293, 365 cooperative communities 367 corruption 103, 300, 332, 349, 369 cosmo polis (‘world state’) 105 cosmopolitanism 101–6, 115, 119 Cosmopolitanism and Nation-State (Meinecke, 1907) 99 counter-culture 281, 370 creation, divine 25 Crick, B. 53–4, 60, 225 crime 137, 163, 166, 168, 172, 179 social explanations 166 ‘victimless’ 338 crises 236 ‘critical’ philosophy (Kant) 117 critical theory 82, 278, 279–80 Critique of Gotha Programme (Marx, 1875) 295 Critique of Judgement (Kant, 1790) 117 Critique of Practical Reason (Kant, 1788) 117 Critique of Pure Reason (Kant, 1781) 117 ‘Critique of Ruling Elite Model’ (Dahl, 1958) 123 Crito (Plato) 198 Croatia 96 Cromwell, O. (1599–1658) 361 Crosland, A. 309, 311, 357 Cuba 328, 361 cult of personality 134 Cultural Revolution (China) 84, 292, 294 culture 12, 38–9, 44, 48, 49, 98, 107, 115, 139, 166, 215, 217, 218, 275, 278, 281, 355 common 271 European 21 indigenous/native 109, 194 popular (portrayal of women) 272 stereotypes 274 Culture and Imperialism (Said, 1993) 104 ‘culture industry’ 280 ‘currently contested concepts’ 5 custom 22, 68, 317, 347, 354 ‘custom and practice’ 347 Czechoslovakia 182 Dahl, R.A. 79, 123–4, 223 Daly, M. 47 Darwin, C. (1809–82) 17–18, 24, 302, 356, 367 challenged by Kropotkin 25, 26 392 Index Dawkins, R. 18, 24, 101 Death of Nature (Merchant, 1980) 195 death penalty/capital punishment 166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 176 debt (developing world) 126 decision-making 52, 53, 73, 122, 123–5, 225, 231, 334 Declaration of Independence (USA, 1776) 188, 189, 203, 286 Declaration on Rights of Man and Citizen (France, 1789) 286 decolonization 103–4 deconstruction 6, 8 defence 86, 149, 242, 334, 364 Defence of Politics (Crick, 1962) 53 delinquency 137 demand ‘effective’ 341 government management 342 demand and supply 334 democracy 5, 109, 203, 220, 221–32, (222–3), 247, 260, 263, 268, 357, 359 Aristotle 69–70 ‘bourgeois’ 363 central questions 222 critics 222 developmental 222 dilemmas 240, 245–50 direct and indirect 221–5, 251 economic 329 ‘economic consequences’ (Britten, 1977) 80 emerging 139 ‘essentially-contested’ concept 225 genuine socialist 343 ‘guided’ 72 liberal 225–9 majoritarian 256 ‘most fundamental argument against’ 230 multi-party systems 249 parliamentary 329, 363 Download 1.87 Mb. 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