Political theory
part of ‘superstructure’ (Marx)
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Andrew Heywood Political Theory Third E
part of ‘superstructure’ (Marx) 156 ‘positive’ 158, 159, 185 ‘proper function’ (Devlin) 167 scientific/descriptive 153 supreme 143 unjust 176 ‘will of the state’ 153 ‘law of anticipated reactions’ 125 law enforcement 179 Law, Legislation and Liberty (Hayek, 1979) 338 law and order 85, 138, 149, 152, 166, 167, 169 ‘law of reason’ (Kant) 117 law-breaking civil disobedience 179–82 types 179 law-courts 78, 86, 92, 132, 143, 155, 174, 186 appeals 175 hierarchy 175 law-making power 113 Laws (Plato) 21 Leader (fascist) 248, 264 leadership 132, 134 League of Nations 112, 117, 118 leagues 112, 116 Leary, T. 281 Lebanon 76 Lectures on Principles of Political Obligation (Green) 30 Leftwich, A. 59 legal advice (right to) 176 powers 186 realism 159 system 357, 359 ‘legal positivism’ (Austin) 158 legislation paternalistic 161 permissive 161 retrospective 155 ‘the legislator’ (Rousseau) 93 legislature 65, 93, 143, 155, 206 supreme 164 legitimacy 121, 130, 141–50, 174, 349, 373 conditions 142 constitutionalism and consent 143–5 ideological hegemony 142, 145–7 legitimation crises 142, 147–50 ‘social construction’ 147 legitimation crises 142, 147–50 Legitimation Crisis (Habermas, 1975) 147, 280 Legitimation of Power (Beetham, 1991) 142 legitimation process 142, 145 Lenin, V.I. 38, 39, 40, 60, 81, 83–4, 128, 228, 274, 326, 330, 352, 363 Leo III, Pope 158 Letter Concerning Toleration (Locke, 1689) 267, 268 Letters on Regicide Peace (Burke, 1796–7) 348 ‘levelling downwards’ 294 Leviathan (Hobbes, 1651) 66, 76, 91, 123, 163, 199 liberal capitalism 354 pluralism (Berlin) 261 reformism 357 universalism 46 liberal democracy 70–1, 74–5, 93, 126, 144–5, 148, 149, 153–4, 209, 223, 225–9, 251, 257, 267, 355 ‘capitalist democracy’ 145 ‘consent of governed’ 70 critics 227–9 facade 228 ‘inherently unstable capitalist democracy’ 147 USA 100 Liberal Party 307 liberalism 7, 9, 12, 13, 22, 29–31, 103, 119, 123, 203, 205, 218, 256, 265, 288, 301, 370 classical (nineteenth century) 18, 27, 29, 44, 337, 338, 358 communitarian critique 216 ‘difference-blind’ 213 early 28, 268 economic 211 ‘increasingly difficult to distinguish from social democracy’ 308 Macpherson 223 Marxist critique 82 modern (twentieth century) 28, 29, 138, 308 pluralist (Isaiah Berlin) 30 public/private divide 57 utopian theories 369 Index 401 Liberalism, Community and Culture (Kymlicka, 1989) 217 Liberalism and Limits of Justice (Sandel, 1982) 36 liberals 137, 168, 171, 218, 266, 269, 272, 273, 287, 291, 297 case for welfare 310 defenders of private property 318 early 310 modern 210, 211, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262, 294, 298, 310, 320–1 need to limit private property 320–1 liberation 252, 272–82 national 273–5, 281, 282 personal and political 370 politics of 278–82 sexual 275–8, 280, 282, 367 Liberation Theology 272, 273 libertarianism 28, 29, 140, 255, 318, 337–9 criticisms 337 libertarians 211, 318 liberty, see freedom liberty, equality, fraternity 100, 348 ‘liberty and fraternal care’ (Kropotkin) 367 Liberty, Market and the State (Buchanan, 1985) 247 liberty-rights 186 libido 23 libraries 321, 323 licence 253, 254–8, 282 life 188, 190, 203 beginning 189 ‘private’ 259, 322 private/public 213 public 260, 268 right to 188, 197, 268 Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Macpherson, 1985) 223 lighthouses 341 Lincoln, A. 221 Lindblom, C. 79 literacy 328 literature 276 Lithuania 92 living conditions/standards 307, 313, 363 Locke, J. 30, 66, 78, 144, 157, 188, 189, 198, 199–200, 203, 206, 229, 258, 267, 268, 286, 299, 301, 318, 321, 322, 370 rights 154 Logic of Collective Action (Olson, 1968) 247 logical positivism 11 Lok Sabha (Indian parliament) 327 London mayor 224 London Review 256 Lorenz, K. 18, 23, 24 Losing Ground (Murray, 1984) 312 Louis XIV (1638–1715) ‘L’e´tat c’est moi’ (attr., 1655) 75, 93 Lovelock, J. 194 Luckmann, T. 146 Lukes, S. 5, 120, 122, 127 Luther, M. (1483–1546) 25 Luxembourg compromise (1966) 114 Luxemburg, R. (1871–1919) 228 Lyotard, J-F. 8 Maastricht (Treaty of European Union) 114, 208 Macaulay, T.B. (1800–59) 353–4 MacCallum, G.C. 253–4 McCarthyism 270 Machiavelli, N. 54, 55, 206 MacIntyre, A. 36 MacKinnon, C.A. 64 Macpherson, C.B. 28, 223, 300, 318, 321 Madison, J. 206, 232 Madisonian system 231, 232 madness/mental illness 172, 281–2 Madness and Civilization (Foucault, 1961) 129 Magnito Gorsk 326 Maistre, J. de, 165, 203, 349 Major, J. 166 Malaysia 72 Malcolm X (1925–65) 48, 275 Malthus, T.R. (1766–1834) 302, 303 Man Friday 52 Man Versus State (Spencer, 1884) 18 ‘managed capitalism’ 86 managerial class (Burnham) 81 Managerial Revolution (Burnham) 81 managers, salaried (Crosland) 309 Manchuria 112 mandarins 234 ‘mandate to rule’ 236 mandates 233, 235–7, 251 Mandeville, B. 333 manifestos 236, 237 Mannheim, K. 146 Manufacturing Consent (Chomsky and Herman, 1994) 147 Mao Zedong 84, 134 Maoris 214 Marcuse, H. 23, 127, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 365, 370 Margins of Philosophy (Derrida, 1972) 9 market behaviour 297, 305 capitalism 23–4, 28, 29, 210, 311, 328, 329, 330 competition 330, 370 economy 148, 297–8 forces 86, 327, 334, 342, 348 mechanism 68, 319, 333–5 power 342 reforms 109 socialism 330, 333, 336 402 Index society 223 utopianism 366, 370 value 287, 342–3 market/free market 25, 108, 138, 247, 255, 259, 301, 316, 319, 332–43, 373 ‘ability to pay’ 341 adaptability 336 anti-democratic tendencies 329 arbitrary justice 260 autonomy 149 ‘central feature of capitalist economy’ 333 consumer responsiveness 341 definition 332–3 failures 340–3, 357 ‘good servant but bad master’ 340 ‘harsh disciplines’ 336 ‘miracle’ 335–40 moral and political case against 342–3 opponents/supporters 344 responsiveness to consumer 339 threat to democracy 343 vagaries 324 market-state 107 Marshall, T.H. 207–8, 209–10, 212 Martin Secker & Warburg xvi Marx, K. xv, 10, 19–20, 22, 38–9, 40, 41, 47, 59, 60, 81, 83, 128, 146, 153, 156, 167, 191, 228, 287, 289, 292, 321, 325–6, 340, 345, 361, 367, 368, 371 alienation 262–3 model of communism 372 Marxism 7, 12, 13, 38, 43, 45, 62, 82–4, 193, 223, 274, 278, 279, 308, 357 ‘analytical’ 82 economic base and political superstructure 60, 156 ‘economic is political’ 60 ‘enduring significance’ xv explanation of imperialism 102 feminism 64 ‘first systematic revision’ (by Bernstein) 309 idea of planning 325 ‘marked disposition towards utopianism’ 366 orthodox 84 ‘scientific socialism’ 371–2 theory of state power 81 types 82 utopian goal 366 Marxism-Leninism 84, 145, 274 Marxists 19, 46–7, 60, 127–8, 156, 167, 168, 191, 203, 227, 287 classical 259 criticism of liberalism 30 critique of liberal democracy 228 Maslow, A. 296 mass media 145, 147 Mass Psychology of Fascism (Reich, 1933) 141 ‘mass society’ 280 ‘masses’ 45, 221, 231–2, 234, 310, 349 materialism 180, 368 meaning 4 means of consumption 322 exchange 335 production 47, 317, 322, 323 media 272, 343 Medicare and Medicaid (USA) 305 Meinecke, F. 99 mercantilism 333, 337, 359 Merchant, C. 195 Merchant Shipping Act (UK, 1988) 95 meritocracy (Young) 29, 290 meta-ideology 12 metanarratives 8 methodological individualism 31–2 Metternich, C. 350 Michels, R. 80, 230, 231 middle class 70, 290 Middle East 49, 72, 106 Milgram, S. 141 Miliband, R. 145 military coups 132, 149 military-industrial complex 81 Mill, James 256, 359 Mill, J.S. 22, 28, 30, 57, 94, 160, 161, 169, 228, 229–30, 231, 239, 256, 256–7, 261, 268–9, 288, 349, 358 plural voting system 234 representation (liberal theory) 234 millenarianism 273, 364 Millett, K. 47, 61, 63, 276 Mills, C.W. 81, 227 Milton, J. 267 ‘minarchists’ 337 mind 9, 253 conscious and unconscious 23 Mind (Hegel) 59 Minima Moralia (Adorno, 1951) 280 minimum wage 305 ministers (government) 122, 132 Ministry of Truth (Orwell) 2 minorities/minority groups 74, 104, 156, 222 minority rights 214, 216, 231 criticism 217–18 three kinds (Kymlicka) 214[–]17 Mitchell, J. 64 mixed economies 87, 327 ‘mob rule’ 221 ‘mobilization of bias’ (Schattschneider) 126 mode of production 19, 82 capitalist 156, 308 modernism 7 Index 403 modernization 326 political 354–5 social 355 Monarch in Parliament (UK) 93 monarchy 91, 123, 134, 205, 349, 361 absolute 75 Aristotle 70 constitutional 71, 352 English 351–2 French 348, 351 Russian 352, 363 UK 132 money 287, 333 money supply 86, 335 monism 261 monopoly 335, 341, 357 Montesquieu, C-L. de S. 206 moral authority (ultimate source) 181 beliefs 261 courage 266 fabric 170 philosophy 358 neutrality 266 ‘pollution’ 162 responsibility 150 Moral Majority (USA) 271 morality 117, 156–7, 158, 159, 161, 162, 167, 183, 340 consensus 178 shared 162 More, T. 321, 364, 366 Mormons 273 Mosca, G. 80, 230–1 motivation 333, 337 Mouffe, C. 47 Muhammad, Prophet 271 Multicultural Citizenship (Kymlicka, 1995) 217 multiculturalism xv, 13, 49, 100, 102, 156, 162, 167, 191, 214, 215–17, 219, 271 inadequacy of liberal 217 liberal 215 criticism 216, 217–18 multinational states 96 murder 170, 171 Murray, C. 312 museums 321 Mussolini, B. 134, 144, 245, 350 Mutual Aid (Kropotkin, 1897) 25, 26, 367 ‘Myth of Vaginal Orgasm’ (Koedt, 1973) 277–8 ‘naked reason’ (Burke) 23 ‘nanny’ state 149 Napoleon (1769–1821) 135 ‘narratives of oppression’ (Said) 104 nation 89, 97–109, 119 cultural and political 98–101 Nation of Islam/Black Muslims 48, 103, 275 nation-state 61, 76, 89, 97–8, 119, 208, 209, 216, 225, 274 ‘genius’ 115 and globalization 106–9 ‘days may be numbered’ 106 (or not 109) national consciousness 98–9 governments 109 identity 100 independence 96 interest 233, 239 liberation 202 (psychological dimension 275) security 119, 328 self-determination 102 sovereignty 96 unity 307 National Liberation Front (Algeria) 274 National Liberation Front (Vietnam) 274 National Organization of Women (NOW) 238 National Plan (UK, 1966) 327 nationalism 22, 42, 96, 97–8, 99, 101–6, 107, 112, 115, 119 cultural 100 developing world 101 exclusive 104–5 integral 105 ‘resentful, insular, aggressive’ 116 nationality 98 nationalization 87, 187, 323, 327 Nations and Nationalism (Gellner, 1983) 99 Native Americans 214, 317, 350 natural ability 289 duty 200–2 harmony 167–9 law 90, 165, 157–8, 159, 183 man 242 resources 300, 302 rights 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 157, 184, 190, 222, 318, 319 ‘natural necessity’ (Scruton) 137 ‘natural order’ 168 natural selection (Darwin) 17, 18, 348, 356 nature v. nurture 15, 17–20 Nazis/Nazism 18, 34, 58, 87, 92, 105, 106, 127, 137, 140, 156, 157, 181, 209, 270, 304, 350 death camps (guards) 141 ‘Final Solution’ 48 ‘state religion’ 145 needs/necessities 295–8, 302, 303, 315, 327, 329, 341, 367 basic 305, 327–8, 331–2 need-fulfilment 262 404 Index Negative Dialectics (Adorno, 1966) 280 ‘negative income tax’ (Friedman) 313 ‘Negative and Positive Freedom’ (MacCallum) 253–4 neo-conservatism/neo-conservatives 34, 137, 138, 140, 149, 167, 212, 271, 272 case against market forces 342 neo-feudal principles 310 neo-Kantianism 309 neo-liberalism/neo-liberals 149, 211, 212 neo-Marxism/neo-Marxists 81, 145, 147, 279 neo-Platonism 91 Netherlands 71, 134, 179, 327, 329 ‘New Age’ thinking 373 ‘new class’ (Djilas) 332 New Deal 178, 310–11, 342 New Economic Policy (Lenin) 330 New England 224 New Haven (Connecticut) 124 New Left 23, 127, 222, 278, 280, 281, 367 New Liberals 310 ‘New Man’ 238 ‘New Puritanism’ 272 New Right 32, 34, 42, 80, 138, 139, 148–9, 162, 208, 226, 256, 262, 293–4, 299, 304, 335, 337, 350 anti-welfarism 312–14 conservative 212 defence of private property 318 liberal 86 model of citizenship 211 New View of Society (Owen, 1816) 19, 365, 367 New Zealand 71, 235, 249 pluralistic society 214 newly-industrialized states 71 ‘Newspeak’ (Orwell) 2 Nicaraguan Revolution (1979) 361 Nicholas II, Tsar 352 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle) 69 Nietzsche, F. 8, 37 ‘nightwatchman’ state 85, 304, 334–5 nihilism 8, 13 Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell, 1949) 2, 368 Niskanen, W. 80 ‘no taxation without representation’ 191 ‘noble savage’ (Rousseau) 200 noblesse oblige 310 non-decision-making 125–6 ‘second face of power’ 125 non-interference 205, 265 non-violence 25, 103; see also civil/ disobedience North Africa 49 North America 70, 113 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 111 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 108, 111 North-South (global division) 126, 294 Northern Ireland 48, 99, 182, 224 Nove, A. 331 Nozick, R. 12, 13, 255, 301, 318, 338 theory of distribution 299–300, 319 nuclear weaponry 97 Nuremberg Trials (1945–6) 157 Oakeshott, M. 56–7, 139, 346–7, 355 ‘cure worse than disease’ 355, 372 obedience 140, 141, 144, 153, 156, 197, 198, 199, 202, 223 objectivity 9 obligation 184, 196–204, 218 ‘being obliged’ v. ‘having an obligation’ (Hart) 196–7 contractual 198–200 legal 197 limits 202–4 moral 197 natural duty 200–2 political 200 state 197 ‘offence’ 160, 162, 271 office-holders/office-holding 133, 135, 209, 210 oil 113 oligarchy 91 Aristotle 69–70 ‘iron law’ (Michels) 231 Olson, M. 247 On Aggression (Lorenz, 1966) 18 On Correct Handling of Contradictions among People (Mao, 1957) 84 On Human Conduct (Oakeshott, 1975) 139 ‘On Jewish Question’ (Marx, 1844) 287 On Liberty (Mill) 160, 256, 268 harm principle 256–7 ‘self-regarding’ versus ‘other-regarding’ actions 160, 256 On People’s Democratic Dictatorship (Mao, 1949) 84 On Revolution (Arendt, 1963) 58, 361 On Ten Major Relationships (Mao, 1956) 84 One-Dimensional Man (Marcuse, 1964) 127, 280, 281 One-Nation conservatism (UK) 138, 353 one-party states 144, 149, 150, 239, 270 Only Words (MacKinnon, 1993) 64 opinion pollsters 238 opportunity 262 order 162–72, 183, 199, 243, 334, 337 competing conceptions 163 discipline and control 163–7 ‘natural’ 361 Index 405 order (cont.) natural harmony 167–9 punishment 169–72 unregulated 337 Order of Things (Foucault, 1966) 129 organization: ‘mobilization of bias’ (Schattschneider) 126 Organization of African Unity (OAU) 112, 113 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 112 Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) 112, 113 orgasm 277–8 Orientalism (Said, 1978) 104 Origin of Species (Darwin, 1859) 17 original sin 25, 67, 91, 158, 163, 168 Origins of Family, Private Property and the State (Engels, 1884) 83 Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt, 1951) 58, 140 Ortega y Gasset, J. 231–2 Orwell, G. vi, xvi, 2–3, 368 Orwell, S.B. xvi Osbourne, J. 158 ‘others’ 160–1 ‘overheating’ 342 Owen, R. 19, 35, 365, 367, 369, 371 pacifism 367 Packard, V. 127 paganism 192, 194, 196 Paine, T. 206, 235, 348, 365 Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) 274 Palestinians 96, 98, 104 Parekh, B. 217 parents 122, 137, 140, 141, 200, 202, 265 Pareto, V. 80, 230, 231, 336 ‘foxes’ and ‘lions’ 231 Parliament (Westminster) 94–5, 116, 132, 143, 155, 186 House of Commons 93, 235, 237 House of Lords 349 ‘parliamentary cretinism’ (Luxemburg) 363 parliamentary sovereignty 155 parliamentary systems 65 Parsons, T. 73 Download 1.87 Mb. 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