Document Outline - Preface
- Contents
- Chapter 1. Fundamental of Power Plant
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Concept of Power Plant
- 1.3 Classification of Power Plants
- 1.4 Energy
- 1.5 Types of Energy
- 1.6 Power
- 1.7 Power Development in India
- 1.8 Resources for Power Generation
- 1.9 Present Power Position in India
- 1.10 Future Planning for Power Generation
- 1.11 Power Corporations in India
- 1.11.1 National Thermal Power Corporation
- 1.11.2 National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation
- 1.11.3 Rural Electrification Corporation
- 1.11.4 Damodar Valley Corporation
- 1.11.5 North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited
- 1.11.6 Bhakra Beas Management Board and Beas Construction Board
- 1.11.7 Power Engineers Training Society (Pets)
- 1.11.8 Central Power Research Institute (Cpri), Bangalore
- 1.11.9 Nathpa, Jhaicri Power Corporation Limited
- 1.12 Review of Thermodynamics Cycles Related to Power Plants
- 1.13 Classification of Power Plant Cycle
- 1.13.1 Carnot Cycle
- 1.13.2 Rankine Cycle
- 1.13.3 Reheat Cycle
- 1.13.4 Regenerative Cycle (Feed Water Heating)
- 1.13.5 Binary Vapour Cycle
- 1.13.6 Reheat-Regenerative Cycle
- 1.13.7 Formula Summary
- 1.14 Fuels and Combustion
- 1.15 Steam Generators
- 1.16 Steam Prime Movers
- 1.17 Steam Condensers
- 1.17.1 Surface Condensers
- 1.17.2 Jet Condensers
- 1.17.3 Types of Jet Condensers
- 1.18 Water (Hydraulic) Turbines
- 1.18.1 Impulse and Reaction Turbines
- 1.19 Science Vs. Technology
- 1.19.1 Scientific Research
- 1.19.2 Science and Technology Infrastructure
- 1.20 Facts Vs. Values
- 1.21 Atomic Energy
- 1.22 Highlights of the Nuclear Power Programme
- 1.23 Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
- 1.24 Ocean Engineering Applications
- Chapter 2. Non-Conventional Energy Resources and Utilisation
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Energy Science
- 2.3 Various Energy Science
- 2.4 Energy Technology
- 2.5 Energy Technology and Energy Sciences
- 2.6. Law of Conservation of Energy
- 2.7 Facts and Figures about Energy
- 2.8 Indian and Global Energy Sources
- 2.8.1 The Sun
- 2.8.2 Petroleum
- 2.8.3 Natural Gas
- 2.8.4 Coal
- 2.8.5 Nuclear Energy
- 2.8.6 Lpg (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
- 2.8.7 Alcohol
- 2.8.8 Gasohol
- 2.8.9 Hydro Power
- 2.9 Energy Exploited
- 2.10 Energy Demand
- 2.11 Energy Planning
- 2.12 Introduction to Various Sources of Energy
- 2.12.1 Conventional Sources of Energy
- 2.12.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
- 2.13 Introduction to Various Non Conventional(Renewable) Sources of Energy
- 2.14 Bio-Gas
- 2.14.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Bio-Conversion Process
- 2.14.2 Raw Materials
- 2.14.3 Properties of Bio Gas
- 2.14.4 Bio Gas Plant Technology
- 2.15 Wind Energy
- 2.15.1 Wind Machine Fundamentals
- 2.15.2 Aerofoil Design
- 2.15.3 Wind Power Systems
- 2.15.4 Economic Issues
- 2.15.5 Selection of Wind Mill
- 2.15.6 Recent Developments
- 2.16 Solar Energy
- 2.16.1 Solar Radiations
- 2.16.2 Solar Thermal Power Plant
- 2.16.3 Solar Energy Storage
- 2.16.4 Recent Developments in Solar Power Plants
- 2.17 Electrochemical Effects and Fuel Cells
- 2.17.1 Reversible Cells
- 2.17.2 Ideal Fuel Cells
- 2.17.3 Other Types of Fuel Cells
- 2.17.4 Efficiency of Cells
- 2.18 Thermionic Systems and Thermionic Emission
- 2.18.1 Thermoionic Conversion
- 2.18.2 Ideal and Actual Efficiency
- 2.19 Thermoelectric Systems
- 2.19.1 Principle of Working
- 2.19.2 Performance
- 2.20 Geo Thermal Energy
- 2.20.1 Hot Springs
- 2.20.2 Steam Ejection
- 2.20.3 Site Selection
- 2.20.4 Geothermal Power Plants
- 2.20.5 Advanced Concepts
- 2.21 Ocean Energy
- 2.21.1 Power Plants Based on Ocean Energy
- 2.22 Other Technology
- 2.22.1 Liquid Fuel
- 2.22.2 Fuel Cell Technology
- 2.22.3 Hydrogen Energy
- 2.22.4 Hydrogen Energy Technology
- 2.22.5 Battery Operated Vehicles
- 2.22.6 Bio Fuel Technology
- 2.22.7 Hydroelectric Power
- 2.22.8 Innovative Heat Exchanger to Save Energy
- Chapter 3. Power Plant Economics and Variable Load Problem
- 3.1 Terms and Factors
- 3.2 Factor Effecting Power Plant Design
- 3.3 Effect of Power Plant Type on Costs
- 3.3.1 Initial Cost
- 3.3.2 Rate of Interest
- 3.3.3 Depreciation
- 3.3.4 Operational Costs
- 3.3.5 Cost of Fuels
- 3.3.6 Labour Cost
- 3.3.7 Cost of Maintenance and Repairs
- 3.3.8 Cost of Stores
- 3.3.9 Supervision
- 3.3.10 TAXES
- 3.4 Effect of Plant Type on Rates(Tariffs or Energy Element)
- 3.5 Effect of Plant Type on Fixed Elements
- 3.6 Effect of Plant Type on Customer Elements
- 3.7 Investor’s Profit
- 3.8 Economics in Plant Selection
- 3.9 Economic of Power Generation
- 3.10 Industrial Production and Power Generation Compared
- 3.11 Load Curves
- 3.12 Ideal and Realized Load Curves
- 3.14 Effect of Variable Load on Power Plant Design
- Chapter 4. Steam Power Plant
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Essentials of Steam Power Plant Equipment
- 4.2.1. Power Station Design
- 4.2.2. Characteristics of Steam Power Plant
- 4.3 Coal Handling
- 4.4 Fuel Burning Furnaces
- 4.5 Method of Fuel Firing
- 4.5.1 Hand Firing
- 4.5.2 Mechanical Firing (Stokers)
- 4.6 Automatic Boiler Control
- 4.7 Pulverized Coal
- 4.7.1 Ball Mill
- 4.7.2 Ball and Race Mill
- 4.7.3 Shaft Mill
- 4.8 Pulverised Coal Firing
- 4.9 Pulverised Coal Burners
- 4.9.1 Cyclone Fired Boilers
- 4.10 Water Walls
- 4.11 Ash Disposal
- 4.11.1 Ash Handling Equipment
- 4.12 Smoke and Dust Removal
- 4.13 Types of Dust Collectors
- 4.13.1 Fly Ash Scrubber
- 4.13.2 Fluidised Bed Combustion (Fbc)
- 4.13.3 Types of Fbc Systems
- Chapter 5. Steam Generator
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Types of Boilers
- 5.3 Cochran Boiler
- 5.4 Lancashire Boiler
- 5.5 Locomotive Boiler
- 5.6 Babcock Wilcox Boiler
- 5.7 Industrial Boilers
- 5.8 Merits and Demerits of Water Tube Boilers over fire Tube Boilers Merits
- 5.9 Requirements of a Good Boiler
- 5.10 High Pressure Boilers
- 5.10.1 La Mont Boiler
- 5.10.2 Benson Boiler
- 5.10.3. Loeffler Boiler
- 5.10.4. Schmidt-Hartmann Boiler
- 5.10.5. Velox-Boiler
- Chapter 6.Steam Turbine
- 6.1. Principle of Operation of Steam Turbine
- 6.2. Classification of Steam Turbine
- 6.3. The Simple Impulse Turbine
- 6.4. Compounding of Impulse Turbine
- 6.5. Pressure Compounded Impulse Turbine
- 6.6. Simple Velocity-Compounded Impulse Turbine
- 6.7 Pressure and Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine
- 6.8. Impulse-Reaction Turbine
- 6.9 Advantages of Steam Turbine over Steam Engine
- 6.10. Steam Turbine Capacity
- 6.11 Capability
- 6.12 Steam Turbine Governing
- 6.13 Steam Turbine Performance
- 6.14 Steam Turbine Testing
- 6.15 Choice of Steam Turbine
- 6.16 Steam Turbine Generators
- 6.17 Steam Turbine Specifications
- Chapter 7. Fuels and Combustion
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Coal
- 7.3 Coal Analysis
- 7.3.1 Proximate Analysis
- 7.3.2 Ultimate Analysis
- 7.3.3 Heating Value
- 7.4 Coal Firing
- 7.5 Mechanical Stokers
- 7.6 Pulverized-Coal Firing
- 7.7 Cyclone Furnaces
- Chapter 8. Diesel Power Plant
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Operating Principle
- 8.3 Basic Types of IC Engines
- 8.3.1 Two-Stroke, Spark Ignition Gas Engines/Petrol Engines
- 8.3.2 Diesel Engines/Heavy Oil Engines
- 8.3.3 Duel Fuel Engines
- 8.3.4 High Compression Gas Engines
- 8.4 Advantage of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.5 Disadvantage of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.6 Application of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.7 General Layout of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.8 Performance of Diesel Engine
- 8.8.1 Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (Imep)
- 8.8.2 Indicated Horse Power (Ihp)
- 8.8.3 Brake Horse Power (B.H.P.)
- 8.8.4 Frictional Horse Power (F.H.P.)
- 8.8.5 Indicated Thermal Efficiency
- 8.8.6 Brake Thermal Efficiency (Overall Efficiency)
- 8.8.7 Mechanical Efficiency
- 8.9 Fuel System of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.10 Lubrication System of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.10.1 Liquid Lubricants or Wet Sump Lubrication System
- 8.10.2 Solid Lubricants or Dry Sump Lubrication System
- 8.10.3 Mist Lubrication System
- 8.11 Air Intakes and Admission System of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.12 Supercharging System of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.12.1 TYPES OF SUPERCHARGER
- 8.12.2 ADVANTAGE OF SUPERCHARGING
- 8.13 Exhaust System of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.14 Cooling System of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.14.1 OPEN COOLING SYSTEM
- 8.14.2 NATURAL CIRCULATION SYSTEM
- 8.14.3 FORCED CIRCULATION COOLING SYSTEM
- 8.15 Diesel Plant Operation
- 8.16 Efficiency of Diesel Power Plant
- 8.17 Heat Balance Sheet
- Chapter 9. Gas Turbine Power Plant
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Classification of Gas Turbine Power Plant
- 9.2.1 Open Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant
- 9.2.2 Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant
- 9.3 Elements of Gas Turbine Power Plant
- 9.3.1. Compressors
- 9.3.2. Intercoolers and Heat Exchangers
- 9.3.3 Combustion Chambers
- 9.3.4. Gas Turbines
- 9.4 Regeneration and Reheating
- 9.4.1 Regeneration
- 9.4.2 Reheating
- 9.5 Cogeneration
- 9.5.1 Cogeneration — Why
- 9.5.2 Cogeneration Technologies
- 9.6 Auxiliary Systems
- 9.6.1 Starting Systems
- 9.6.2 Ignition Systems
- 9.6.3 Lubrication System
- 9.6.4 Fuel System and Controls
- 9.7 Control of Gas Turbines
- 9.7.1 Prime Control
- 9.7.2 Protective Controls
- 9.8 Gas Turbine Efficiency
- 9.8.1 Effect of Blade Friction
- 9.8.2 Improvement in Open Cycle
- 9.9 Operations and Maintenance Performance
- 9.9.1 Operation
- 9.9.2 Maintenance Performance
- 9.10 Troubleshooting and Remedies
- 9.11 Combined Cycle Power Plants
- 9.12 Applications of Gas Turbine
- 9.13 Advantages of Gas Turbine Power Plant
- 9.14 Disadvantages
- Chapter 10. Nuclear Power Plant
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 General History and Trends
- 10.2.1 Major Events
- 10.2.2 What Might Change the Current Situation?
- 10.2.3 Technical History and Developments
- 10.2.4 Developments after WW-2
- 10.3 The Atomic Structure
- 10.4 Summary of Nuclear Energy Concepts and Terms
- 10.4.1 Summary of Features
- 10.4.2 Fission
- 10.4.3 Critical Mass
- 10.4.4 Alpha Radiation
- 10.4.5 Beta Particles
- 10.4.6 Gamma Particles
- 10.4.7 Uranium Fission
- 10.4.8 Half Life, T
- 10.5 Ethical Problems in Nuclear Power Regulation
- 10.6 Chemical and Nuclear Equations
- 10.7 Nuclear Fusion and Fission
- 10.8 Energy from Fission and Fuel Burn Up
- 10.9 Radioactivity
- 10.10 Nuclear Reactor
- 10.10.1 Parts of a Nuclear Reactor
- 10.10.2 Nuclear Fuel
- 10.10.3 Moderator
- 10.10.4 Moderating Ratio
- 10.10.5 Reflector
- 10.10.6 Reactor Vessel
- 10.10.7 Biological Shielding
- 10.10.8 Coolant
- 10.10.9 Coolant Cycles
- 10.10.10 Reactor Core
- 10.11 Conservation Ratio
- 10.12 Neutron Flux
- 10.13 Classification of Reactors
- 10.14 Cost of Nuclear Power Plant
- 10.15 Nuclear Power Station in India
- 10.16 Light Water Reactors (LWR) and Heavy Water Reactors (HWR)
- 10.16.1 Importance of Heavy Water
- 10.17 Site Selection
- 10.18 Comparison of Nuclear Power Plant and Steampower Plant
- 10.19 Multiplication Factor
- 10.20 Uranium Enrichment
- 10.21 Reactor Power Control
- 10.22 Nuclear Power Plant Economics
- 10.23 Safety Measures for Nuclear Power Plants
- 10.24 Site Selection and Commissioning Procedure
- 10.25 Major Nuclear Power Disasters
- 10.26 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
- 10.26.1 Reactor Design : Rbmk-1000
- 10.26.2 Control of the Reactor
- 10.26.3 Chernobyl Reactor Operations
- 10.26.4 Accident\Safety Plans
- 10.27 Safety Problems in Chernobyl Reactor Design
- 10.28 Other, Earlier, Soviet Nuclear Accidents
- Chapter 11. Hydro-Electric Power Plants
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2. Run-Off
- 11.3. Hydrograph and Flow Duration Curve
- 11.4. The Mass Curve
- 11.5. Selection of Site for a Hydro-Electric Power Plant
- 11.6. Essential Features of a Water-Power Plant
- 11.7. Calculations of Water Power Plants
- 11.8. Classification of Hydro-Plant
- 11.8.1 STORAGE PLANTS
- 11.8.2. RUN-OF-RIVER POWER PLANTS
- 11.8.3. PUMPED STORAGE POWER PLANTS
- 11.9 Power House and Turbine Setting
- 11.9.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Power-House
- 11.10 Prime-Movers
- 11.11. Specific Speed of Turbine
- 11.12 Draft Tubes
- 11.12.1 METHODS TO AVOID CAVITATION
- 11.12.2 Types of Draft Tubes
- 11.12.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRAFT TUBES
- 11.13 Models and Model Testing
- 11.14. Selection of Turbine
- Chapter 12. Electrical System
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Generators and Motors
- 12.2.1 Rotors
- 12.2.2 Stators
- 12.2.3 Ventilation
- 12.2.4 High-Voltage Generators
- 12.3 Transformers
- 12.3.1. Constructional Parts
- 12.3.2. Core Constructions
- 12.4 Cooling of Transformers
- 12.4.1 Simple Cooling
- 12.4.2 Mixed Cooling
- 12.4.3 Natural Oil Cooling
- 12.4.4 Forced Oil Cooling
- 12.4.5 Internal Cooling
- 12.5 Bus-Bar
- 12.5.1 Single Bus-Bar System
- 12.5.2 Single Bus-Bar System with Sectionalisation
- 12.5.3 Duplicate Bus-Bar System
- 12.6 Busbar Protection
- 12.6.1 Differential Protection
- 12.6.2 Fault Bus Protection
- Chapter 13. Pollution and its Control
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Environment Polllution due to Energy Use
- 13.3 Environment Pollution due to Industrial Emissions
- 13.4 Environment Polllution due to Road Transport
- 13.5 Harmful Effects of Emissions
- 13.5.1 BUILDING AND MATERIALS
- 13.5.2 SOIL, VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL LIFE
- 13.5.3 HUMAN BEINGS
- 13.6 Steps Taken so far and their Impact
- 13.7 Noise Pollution and Its Control
- 13.8 Green House Gases and their Effects
- 13.9 Fossil Fuel Pollution
- 13.9.1 Urban Air Pollution
- 13.9.2 Acid Rain
- 13.9.3 Global Climate Change
- 13.9.4 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
- 13.9.4 Acid Fog
- 13.10 Pollution due to Combustion of Fuel
- 13.10.1 Gas Fuel
- 13.10.2 Methane
- 13.10.3 Alkanes
- 13.11 Pollution due to Gas Combustion
- 13.11.1 Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHCS)
- 13.11.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- 13.11.3 Nitric Oxide (NOx)
- 13.11.4 Soot
- 13.12 Pollution due to Liquid Fuel
- 13.12.1 Atomization
- 13.12.2 Vaporization
- 13.12.3 Modes of Combustion
- 13.13 Pollution due to Solid Fuel
- 13.14 Air Pollution by Thermal Power Plants
- 13.15 Water Pollution by Thermal Power Plants
- 13.16 Environment Concerns and Diesel Power Plants
- 13.17 Nuclear Power Plant and the Environment
- 13.17.1 The Fuel Cycle
- 13.17.2 Wastes
- 13.18 Radiations from Nuclear-Power Plant Effluents
- 13.19 Impact on Pollution Load and Air Quality in Delhi
- 13.19.1 Environmental Concerns
- 13.19.2 Pollution Levels
- 13.19.3 Measures to Combat Pollution
- 13.20 Method for Pollution Control
- 13.21 Control of Marine Pollution
- Appendix
- Glossary
- Bibliography
- Index
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