- Four maxims of successful communication:
- quality (Do not make false statements);
- quantity (Do not say more than required);
- relevance (Speak to the point);
- manner (Avoid ambiguity).
Speech acts vs speech events - Speech acts are actions performed via utterances (apology, complaint, request, compliment, order, promise, etc.).
- A speech event is an activity in which the participants interact in order to arrive at some desired outcome.Usually a speech event consists of a number of utterances moving towards the goal.
Classification of speech acts - Declarations: I pronounce you husband and wife.
- Representatives: The sky was dark.
- Expressives: Fine! Thanks!
- Directives: Do it immediately!
- Commissives: See you tomorrow.
- Beware of the dog!
- Осторожно, злая Опасайтесь
- собака! собаки!
Communicative or semantic? - Она впервые назвала его на ты.
- It was for the first It was for the first
- time she addressed time she called him
- him in the second by his Christian name.
- person singular.
Conclusions for the Translator - In an adequate translation the communicat- ive effect is close to that of the source text.
- At best the text’s communicative effect coincides with the author’s communicative intention.
- Two types of translation are caused by the above principle: communicative translation and semantic translation.
Even for a Tory polititian he set up a new record for the gap between promise and performance.
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