Практическое задание №1 Выполните практическое задание №1 по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции»

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Практическое задание №1 
Выполните практическое задание №1 по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в сфере 
юриспруденции». Ответы располагайте непосредственно после текста и выделяйте их 
цветом. 
Text
Judges 
Task: read the text and focus on its main points. 
The judge is the presiding officer of the court. The statutory basis for the appointment of 
judges dates from the Act of Settlement 1700
1
. Under the original arrangements the districts 
were grouped into 60 county court circuits, each with its own judge appointed by the Lord 
Chancellor from barristers of at least seven years’ standing. On the re-organisation of the 
criminal courts under the Courts Act 1971 the existing county court judges became Circuit 
judges. Every Circuit judge is by virtue of his or her office capable of sitting as a judge for any 
county court district and at least one is assigned to each district by the Lord Chancellor. A full-
time District judge is barred from legal practice. District judges were formerly called registrars; 
the change of title reflected the fact that their functions are now judicial. They are responsible for 
procedural steps in court proceedings. Their administrative functions have now been transferred 
to substantial staffs of clerks and bailiffs. 
Judges themselves are not a separate profession: they are barristers who have demonstrated 
competence in litigation and have been elevated to the bench
2
, itself a name derived from the 
part of the Court where they sit. A barrister always enters the judiciary at the lower trial level. He 
is thereafter promoted, if he proves successful in the initial judicial post. 
The traditional function of judges is to apply existing rules of law to the case before them. 
The judge decides the interpretation of the law. After all the evidence has been given the judge 
summarizes the case, both law and facts, for the jury. This is called his summing up. 
Judges are capable of “making law” both through the interpretation of statutes and the 
doctrine of precedent. When an Act of Parliament makes no provision for the case in question 
and there is no existing precedent, the judge must, if necessity, create a new law. 
Judges are not under the control of Parliament, or the Civil Service. The independence of the 
judiciary is a fundamental principle of constitutional law. Closely related to judicial 
independence is the doctrine of judicial immunity.
The professional judges, “High Court Judges”, deal with the most serious crimes. They are 
paid salaries by the state. Alongside with the professional judges there are unpaid judges. They 
are called “Magistrates” or “Justices of the Peace” (JPs)