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legal-research-methods
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(iv). Punctuation a. Consistency:- The main purpose of punctuation is to ensure the clarity and readability of your writing. While certain practices in punctuation are optional, consistency is mandatory. Be sure to use the same punctuation in parallel situations. b. Hyphens:- Hyphens connect number indicating a range (1-10) and also form some types of compound words, particularly compound words that precede the words they modify (a well-established policy, a first-rate study). Hyphens also join prefixes to capitalized words (Pre-Renaissance, post-Renaissance) and link pairs of coequal nouns (singer-Song Writer, Scholar-Athlete). It is advisable, to chilot.wordpress.com 219 consult a standard dictionary or writing manual for guidance in the hyphenation of a specific term. c. Parenthesis:- Parenthesis (opening parenthesis to the left, closing parenthesis to the right) enclose parenthesis remarks that break sharply with the surrounding text, around explanatory comments following quotations, and around publication information in notes. d. Periods: - Periods end declarative sentences, notes, and complete blocks of information in bibliographic citations. Periods between numbers indicate related parts of a work. The period follows a parenthesis that falls at the end of a sentence. It goes within a parenthesis when the enclosed element is independent. For example (see not this sentence but the text), (For the use of periods X, see 1.2) e. Square brackets:- Use square brackets around a parenthesis within a parenthesis (to avoid two pairs of parenthesis), around an interpolation in a quotation, and around missing or unverified data in documentation. E. What an acade mic thesis or work report looks like - If you want your research thesis to be interesting as well as academically convincing, you should follow possible forms of organization. For example, the 'classic' dissertation structure is: Contents Abstract Introduction (10% of words or space) Review of the background literature (20%) Design and methodology of the research (10%) Implementation of the research (10 %) Presentation and analysis of data (15%) Comment and critique of the outcomes or findings (20%) Summary and conclusion (10%) References Bibliography Appendices Another alternative similar structure looks like chilot.wordpress.com 220 1. Introduction: an outline of the area, problem or issue studied, its scope and aims (10% of words or space) 2. Lite rature review: a critical account of existing studies in the area (20%) 3. Methodology: an account of how you went about the study, and why you adopted this approach (15%) 4. Results: a report on what you found (20%) 5. Discussion: a critical analysis of your findings in the light of other work (20%) 6. Conclusion: a brief summary of your conclusions (5%) 7. References: a complete list of all the works referred to in a standard format (10%) 10.1.2.3 Conclusion and recommendations Toward the end of the main text, the researcher should again put down the results of his research clearly and precisely, in summary form. He should state the implications that fllow from the results of the study, for the general reader who is interested in the implications for understanding the human behavior. Such implications may have the three aspects as stated below: (i) A statement of the inferences drawn from the present study which may be expected to apply in similar circumstances. (ii) The conditions of the present study which may limit the extent of legitimate generalizations of the inferences drawn from the study. (iii) The relevant questions that still remain unanswered or new questions raised by the study along with suggestions for the kind of research that would provide answers for them. It is considered a good practice to finish the report with a short conclusion which summarizes and recapitulates the main points of the s tudy. The conclusion drawn from the study should be clearly related to the hypotheses that were stated in the introductory section. At the same time, a forecast of the probable future of the subject and an indication of the kind of research which needs to be done in that particular area is useful and desirable. Such indication will be presented in the form of recommendation. chilot.wordpress.com 221 In short, it has become customary to conclude the research report with a brief summary, restating in brief the research problem, the methodology, the major findings and the major conclusions drawn from the research results. Illustration: As a form of model conclusion read the following passage extracted from an article, (whose introduction is used as an example in the first part of t his section, written on the title: ``PROTECTION OF CHILDREN UNDER THE NEW ETHIOPIAN FAMILY LAW`` CONCLUSION A society that neglects the interest of its children, has decided to turn a blind eye to its own future. Thus any society that aspires to prosper and develop in the future must begin by giving adequate care and attention to its children today. This care and attention would be as varied as the needs of children. Thus, every part of society must join hands to improve the situation of its own sons and daughters. The eventual aim of all these efforts must be a full development of the personality of the child, in all its dimensions. Law, as an instrument that regulates social behavior would definitely play an important role in shaping the personality of the child and in shaping the attitude of the adults towards children. It is through the law that society expresses its future aspirations, its disapproval and sanction against behaviors that harm the interests of children. The Ethiopian constitution has consolidated our aspirations for the future. It has laid down the minimum standards in the protection of the child. The new family law has followed suit and cemented the rights by detailed rules. The new family law has introduced new ways of thinking, eliminated backward ideas and has institutionalized protection of the child. It has put the rights of the child in their proper perspective. By repealing rules that were inconsistent with the principles laid down in the constitution, it has made family life more child- friendly. By introducing equality between husband and wife, it has made the parents equally responsible in the chilot.wordpress.com 222 development of the child. It is to be hoped that the regional laws would- like wise be amended in the near future. Needless to say that the improvement of the family law is not the end of the road. The protection of children needs to be reflected in all other branches of the law as well. Thus the effort must continue in other branches, so that comprehensive protection of child rights could be attained. 10.1.2.4. Footnotes (or Endnotes) 10.1. 2.4.1 Content and Form of citations Citations should contain enough information to indicate clearly to readers in Ethiopia and elsewhere what work is referred to, and where it can be obtained. The information required to satisfy this goal may be more detailed in Ethiopia than in other countries; reference will often be made to foreign materials and many of our readers may lack technical training or may have been educated in countries with different scholarly traditions. The rules of citations for our sources of research are provided as follows A. Books The first reference to a book should contain the following information in the following order: 1. Author's name; 2. Title (underlined or in italics); 3. Edition number, if there has been more than one edition (in parentheses); 4. Year of publication of that edition (in parentheses); 5. Number of the volume referred to, if the work has more than one volume; 6. Section, article, number, page, etc. referred to, as appropriate Example: A. Rhyne, Municipal Law (1975), P.153 B. Basu, Commentary on the Constitution of India (4 th ed. 1963), vol. 4,p 499. 1. Author's Name The first initial or first name of European names sho uld precede the family name. Ethiopian names should be spelled out in full. If the book contains contributions by chilot.wordpress.com 223 several authors the name of the editor should be given in place of an author, and the fact that he/she is the editor indicated in parentheses. If reference is made to a specific contribution in such work, the footnote should begin with the author of that specific contribution, and the title of the contribution in quotation marks, followed by the information specified above for books in general concerning the collection. If the book has more than one author or editor, the names of all should be given. If the name of the author or editor is unknown, the footnote should begin with the title of the book. Examples: A. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise (1958), vol 2, p. 299 Gizaw Haiie Mairam, Dagmawi Menelik, Ketarikatche wna Kemuvache w (1963). p. 58 D.Currie (ed), Federalis m and the New Nations of Africa (1964),p.13 I Dilliard, "Mr. Justice Balck: A personal Appreciation, "in I Dilliard (ed), One Man's Stand for Freedom (1963), p.3 A. Burn and H. Galland, Droit travail (1958), p. 141 A Manual of Style (11th ed, 1949), p.140 It may be that a book had one author for the first edition and another author for a later edition, but the original author's name is retained by the publisher for later editions because he has built up a reputation which adds to the authoritative value of the book. In such a case, if the edition cited involves a considerable revision from the carlier edition, and if the name of the author of the later edition is given, cite the author of the edition as the author of the book. (See the first example below.) If the edition cited did not invoive much of revision, cite the authors of the original and omit any mention of the author of the particular edition cited. (See the second example below.) (Usually, the preface or introduction to the particular edition will give a clue as to how much of revision has been made; the greater the number of editions, the greater the likelihood that substantial revision has been made.) If the book is classified in our library under the name of one or the other author, use the name of that author. Sometimes the book itself will indicate in the title page how the original author and the author of that edition should be mentioned; in such case, use the method specified. Examples: chilot.wordpress.com 224 R. Jones Smith’s Company Law of Andorra (10 th ed. 1962) p 103 A. Smith, The Company Law of Andorra (2d ed. 1903), p. 2 G. Ripert, Traite elementaire de droit commercial (5 th ed. by R. Roblot, 1963), vo.l 1, p.82 2. Title The full title should be given, without abbreviation, however, if the title is given in a bibliography and can be shortened conveniently without creating ambiguity, a short from may be used. A short form may also be used when there is no bibliography, if on a page at the beginning of the paper a list is made in regular footnote form of the books that will be cited in the short form, and a statement made to that effect. Short forms are only used, if at all, for major works cited many times in a paper. It is not necessary to give sub-titles; however, if a sub-title is used, it should be made part of the underlined title, but separated from it by a dash. In English titles, the first letter of the first word and every important word there after (including all nouns, adjectives, adverbs and names) must be capitalized. In French titles, only the first letter of the first word and of proper names is capitalized (but not the names of months, days of the week or adjectives modifying proper names). Italian and Spanish titles are capitalized as the French; in German titles, capitalize the first word, all nouns and proper names, and all other words which would be capitalized in ordinary German text. In Amharic titles and titles of other languages translated into English, follow the same principles of capitalization as in English titles. Examples: R. Heuston, Salmond on the Law of Torts (12 th . 1957),p 290. A. Brun and H. Galland, Droit du travail (1958), p.141 Gizaw Haile mariam, Dagmawi Menelik, Ketarikache wna Kemuyatchew (1963), p.58 R. Sohm, Institutional- Geschichte and System des romischen Privatrechts (17 th ed. 1949), p. 85 E Chapado Garcia, Historia general del de recho espanol (1990), pp. 86-89 chilot.wordpress.com 225 F. Messineo, Manuale di diritto civile ecommericiale (9 th ed. revised 1959), vol. 3, pp. 238-39. 3. Edition Numbe r If there has been only one edition, do not state an edition number. If there have been several editions, identify the edition referred to by the identification used by the publisher; this will usually be a number. Note that an edition is different from a "reprint" "imprint" or "printing". A new edition usually involves revisions of, or additions to, the text-Reprints, imprints, and printings do not involve revisions or additions; the original text is merely printed again. Reprints, imprints and printings are irrelevant and should not be mentioned. Examples: A Manual of style (11 th ed., 1949), p. 140 G. Fowler, Modern English Usage (1937 ed.) p. 82. G.Williston and G. Thompson, Selections from Williston's Treaties on the Law of Contracts (revised ed. 1935), p.177 F. Messineo, manuale DI diritto civile e comme ricale (9 th ed. revised 1959), vol 3, pp. 238- 39 4. Date of Publication; Other Facts of Publication If there has been more than one edition, the data of publication to be given is only that of the edition cited. As with the edition number, dates of reprints, imprints or printings are not to be given. The date of publication appears in parentheses; if an edition number is cited, it appears after the edition number within the same parentheses. In some sets of more than one volume, different volumes are published in different years. In this case, the date of publication should be the date of publication of the volume referred to. Example: Halsbury's Laws of England (3d ed. 1958), vol. 22, Insurance, sec.12. chilot.wordpress.com 226 5. Number of Volumes Volume numbers should be given in Arabic numerals (that is, 1,2, 3, etc .) whether or not they are given in Roman numerals (that is, I, II, III, etc.) in the book referred to . The abbreviation of "volume" (vol: vols) should be used. Example : M Planiol and G. Riport, Treatise on the Civil Law (11 th ed. 1938) (translation, Lousiana State L. Inst., 1959), vol 3, pt. 1. no. 820 6. Section, Article, etc. When reference is made to a section, article, number, chapter, or page, the same numbering or lettering should be used as in the book referred to. Usually, it is only necessary to refer to a particular page or pages. Sometimes, however, it is more helpful to the reader to refer to a particular article, section, number, or chapter or, it may be helpful to refer to more than one of these. The matter is within the writer's discretion. The appropriate abbreviations should be used. Suppleme nts and Pocket Parts Legal encyclopedias and many other law books are kept up to date through the use of periodic supplements. These supplements may be bound in separate volumes (for example the continuation volumes to Halsbury's Laws of England and the Mise a jour to Dalloz Encyclopedia juridique); or, they may appear as "pocket parts" to the individual volumes supplemented (for example, in American Jurisprudence). If your reference is only to the original work do not mention the supplement. Example: Ame rican Jurisprudence (2d ed. 1965), vol. 18, Corporations, sec. 127) If your reference is only to material stated in the supplement or to material stated in both the original work and the supplement, specify the year of the supplement within the same parentheses as the year of publication of the original work. Examples: American Jurisprudence (2d ed. 1962, Supp 1965), vol. 1, Actions, sec. 12 Dalloz Encyclopedi Halsbury's laws of England (3d. ed. 1958. Supp. 1963), vol 19, Husband and Wife sec 1259 A. Campbell and D Thompson, Common Market Law (1962), First Supp. 1963), para.311. Note that the Fiches juridiques suisses does not take supplements instead. When a particular point is amended, the Fiches card is replaced by a new one. This means chilot.wordpress.com 227 any reference to the Fiches must specify the date of the card to which reference is made. Also, since each card has a specified author, the author's name must be given. Example : Fiches juridiques susses (Mico au point, Mar. 15, 1959 ), no. 288 (by W. Stocker), Femme mariee, p.2. In some books, a separate supplement is published not for periodic amendments to the original, but merely to provide the reader with related material. In this case, cite the supplement as a separate book. Example: J. Honnoid, Sales and Sales Financing. Suppiement (2d ed. 1962). p.269 Citing to Footnotes If your reference is to a footnote in a book, rather than to the text, the citation form should be the same as for text, with the word "note" and the footnote number at the end. Example: R. Huebner. A History of Germanic Private Law (1918) (Translation, F. Philbrick ), p. 494, note 2. B. Articles in scholarly Magazines and Journals The first reference to an article in a scholarly magazine or journal should contain, in the following order: 1. name of article's author; 2. title of article ( in quotation marks) ; 3. name of the magazine or journal (underlined or in italics); 4. volume number; 5. number of the part or issue, if the pages in each part or issue are numbered separately or if a reference to the number is necessary or convenient to a proper identification of the location of the article; 6. date of publication (in parentheses); 7. page or pages where the specific reference may be found. Example : J.Graven" The Penal Code of the Empire of Ethiopia" J. Eth. L. vol. 1(1964), p. 275 (1), (2) , and (4) Author, Title and Volume Number chilot.wordpress.com 228 Rules for the author's name, the title of the article and the volume umber are the same as those given for books except that the title appears in quotation marks and is not underlined or in italics. Words such as book Review, Address, Note, etc., descriptive of the type of article rather than part of a title, are not put in quotation marks. Examples: S.Glueck" The N uernberg Trial and Aggressive War "Harvard L Rev., vol. 59 (1945-46), p. 396. G. Stuart, Book Review, Ame rican J.Intl. L., vol. 25(1931),p 413. 3. Name of Magazine or Journal. Abbreviations should be used in giving the name of the magazine or journal. However, only abbreviations appearing in the list or permissible abbreviations may be used. (Consult a standard dictionary) 4. Number of Part or issue Usually, the pages of scholarly magazines and journals are numbered consecutively throughout the volume. In such a case, it is not necessary to refer to a particular part or issue. This is true even if the individual parts or issues are not bound. However, occasionally it will be necessary or convenient to refer to a particular part or issue. This is in particular true if the pages of each part or issue are not numbered consecutively throughout the volume Download 1.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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