Producer price indices volume 2002, Supplement 2
Types of expenditures and transactions covered
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2.9.2 Types of expenditures and transactions covered
The ILO guidelines state that CPIs should relate to all goods and services (including imports) acquired, used or paid for by the reference population for non-business purposes. This includes goods and services that may be regarded as non-essential or undesirable (e.g. tobacco, alcohol) or that may be illegal. The guidelines also state that the range of goods and services included in a CPI may, but not necessarily should, coincide with consumption expenditure as defined in the SNA. A CPI does not cover all household expenditures in that it includes only consumption expenditures. The scope of a CPI therefore coincides theoretically with the notion of goods and services intended for household final consumption. It includes durable goods such as furniture and motor cars and luxuries such as perfumes and travel for pleasure, provided they are consumed customarily by the reference population. Excluded are other types of expenditures, in particular, those representing investment, savings or transfers. Those expenditures that by definition are excluded from the index therefore include: purchase of a dwelling, life insurance premiums, social security contributions and direct taxes. At the same time, services provided by government but not paid for directly by households, such as public schooling or police services, are not covered by the index. Investment, interest and intermediate consumption – It might at first appear obvious that the scope of a CPI should include consumer goods and services only, excluding investment expenditure, transfers and any expenditure on intermediate consumption. But there are several areas of ambiguity, where, as usual, the use of the CPI dictates the scope. From a national accounts deflation perspective, since household final consumption expenditure (HFCE) consists of expenditure incurred by resident households on consumer goods and services, where consumer goods and services are defined as those which are acquired by a household and used for the direct satisfaction of the needs and wants of the members of that household 28 , then assuming that the scope of a CPI is consistent with HFCE, it seems clear that expenditure on capital goods, financial assets, interest, savings, direct taxes, and goods and services purchased for intermediate consumption should not be covered. Thus, contributions to pension plans, life insurance and health insurance under publicly funded health insurance plans are not covered. Privately funded health insurance and gambling are both included (with weights on a net expenditure basis). Charitable donations are included in principal but rarely in practice as it is nearly impossible to specify an indicator item to be priced over time. From a compensation perspective, which is concerned with maintaining the purchasing power of household incomes, the scope is generally considered to include only the purchase of goods and services to satisfy current needs, i.e., investment is not covered. Since a compensation index should reflect all payments related to final consumption, it could be argued that any interest required to finance final consumption is in scope. Similarly, arguments can be made for including expenditure on the raw materials used in the production 29 of goods and services consumed by the household that produced them. 28 See System of National Accounts 1993 – Eurostat, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank (1993), Paragraph 9.42. 29 According to SNA 93 concepts these goods and services are intermediate consumption, not final consumption, but it can be argued that for practical purposes they should be treated as consumer goods in CPI’s. This is the principal underlying the treatment of owner-occupied housing services in many countries. For more details on this subject, see Non-Market Goods and Services in CPIs – Peter Hill, Conference of European Statisticians, ECE/ILO CPI Meeting, Geneva, November 1997. |
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