LINKERS AND CONNECTORS
PURPOSE |
| EXAMPLES |
RESULT
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So
Consequently / As a result / Therefore
So / Such (a) ........... that
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It was late, so I decided to take a taxi home.
His wife left him. As a result, he became very depressed.
The storm was so terrible that the roofs were ripped off.
He was such a handsome man that she fell in love immediately.
Wrong: It was late, so I took a taxi.
The man was so rich that he could buy Donald Trump.
He was such a rich man that he could …
The woman was so intelligent that she has a 300 IQ.
She was such an intelligent woman that…
The boy was so tired that he couldn’t do his homework
He was such a tired boy
The wine was so good that we bought 3 bottles.
It was such good wine
The flowers were so beautiful that we bought a dozen
They were such beautiful flowers
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CAUSE AND REASON
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Because / Since / As
Because of / Due to
Because
Since + subject + verb
As
Because of
Due to + noun/gerund
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Since we arrived late, all the best seats had been taken.
We were unable to go by train because of the rail strike.
Because of being tire, he couldn’t finish his homework
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CONTRAST
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Although / Even though / But
Despite / In spite of
However / Nevertheless/ On the other hand
Although, though, even though, even if
I won’t go to the party, although she invited me.
I won’t go to the party,
she invites me.
Even if I win the race, I will still be unhappy.
Although I won the race, I’m still unhappy.
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Although the car is old, it is still reliable.
Despite / In spite of the rain, I went for a walk.
Buying a house is expensive. However, it is a good investment.
Although, though, even though, even if
Although I live in Seattle, I’ve never been to the space needle.
I’ve never been to the space needle, although I live in seattle.
I live in Seattle. However, I’ve never been ….
I live in seattle, but I’ve…
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TIME
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When / While / After / Before / As soon as / Until / By the time
While vs during
While I was studying, my brother watched TV.
During the movie, we ate popcorn.
After vis then
After I ate dinner, I went to the movies.
I ate dinner, then I went to the movies
Until vs as long as
I will wait until 5:00.
I waited until she arrived.
I will wait as long as I can.
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While I was driving home, I saw a terrible accident.
He went out after he had finished work.
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ADDITION
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And
In addition / Furthermore / Moreover / Besides
In addition to / As well as
Also / Too
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I don´t feel like going out tonight. Besides, there is a good film on.
She writes novels. In addition, she also writes poetry.
They robbed a bank as well as a post office.
They adore Indian food. I like Indian food, too.
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PURPOSE
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In order (not) to / So as (not) to + inf
So that + subject + modal verb + inf
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Anita phoned me in order to recommend a film she had just seen.
I left early so (that) I would meet Dan at the cinema on time.
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Because
Since + subject + verb: Because he was very rich, he could afford to by a house on the seaside.
As
Because of + noun: Due to his wealth, he could afford a house on the seaside.
Due to
Although
Though + subject + verb: Although he is a nice guy, he doesn’t have many girlfriends.
Even though
Even if
In spite of
Despite + noun or gerund: Despite being a nice guy, he doesn’t have many girlfriends.
However
On the other hand I live in Seattle. However, I’ve never been to Starbucks.
Nevertheless
But I live in Seattle, but I’ve never been to Starbucks.
Yet
while vs during
While + subject + verb: While I was watching the movie, she talked to her mother.
During + noun: During the movie, she talked to her mother.
after vs then
After I ate dinner, I went to the movies.
I ate dinner, then I went to the movies.
“So” is a conjunction: I’m really tired, so I think I’ll got to bed.
“So that” is used for “purpose” (the purpose for which you do something) I bought a new car so (that) I could drive to work in the morning and save time.
I haven’t read the book, I’ve seen the movie, though.
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FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH A SUITABLE LINKER
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....Despite/in spite of............................ their parents opposition, Tom and Ann decided to get married.
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We’ll leave the note on the table……so /so that………………….he can see it.
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..Though................................... I have a great respect for him, I don´t particularly like him.
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Tim isn´t suitable for the job. He´s too old. ...........Besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, plus........................., he isn´t interested. As well as a job with Kaplan, Bill is the president of the Dominican Republic. As well as eating a pizza, Bill ate a hamburger too.
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..............Since, because, as..................... there are no more questions to discuss, we can finish the meeting.
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Brian is leaving the company .........due to/because of........................... his age.
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The sweater was ....so.............. big ......that.............. I couldn’t wear it.
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He worked for the same company all his life .....until.............................. he retired.
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Linkers are quite difficult to learn. ......However/nevertheless,nonetheless......................., they are worth studying.
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The temperature in Saudi Arabia can reach 50º C. .........As a result,.............. , a lot of business is done early in the day.
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I failed the exam precisely ..... because........................... I didn´t have time to study.
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John, ............because................ you speak French, I wondered if I could ask you some words.
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Nora eats green vegetables .................as ................... they are good for her health.
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It was ............such a................ wonderful view ...............that................ we were left speechless.
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..............because/since while............. the teacher was out of the class, some pupils wrote a message on the board.
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There´s time to get a sandwich from the cafeteria......before....................... the next class begins.
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The president was very unpopular. .......As a result...................., .his resignation did not come as a surprise.
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Tim has to go to the dentist ........because of/due to......................... an infected tooth.
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I didn’t tell you………in order to…………………. mMake you angry.
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It was .........such a .......................good cake .that......I couldn’t help eating it.
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I´ll look after the children ......while..................... you are making dinner.
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She walked carefully............as.................... the streets were covered in ice.
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...................although............... he lost a lot of blood, he is in stable condition.
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She went to the supermarket ………in order to…………buy an ice- cream.
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I understand your point of view. ..........however.............., I don´t agree with it.
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You know what is in the letter, ....so, therefore, hence, thus, .................... I won´t read it to you.
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He raised his voice ……so that……………he could be heard.
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........while, since...............we are here, let’s enjoy ourselves.
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The rent for the building was reasonable. ...Moreover.............................., the location was perfect.
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He sat down ……because…….……he would wanted to have a rest.
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REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING THE CONJUNCTIONS IN BRACKETS.
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Since Bill had lived in Spain for six years, he spoke Spanish fluently. (so)
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I am sick and tired of people phoning me during my favourite TV programme. ( while)
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I don´t know Helen very much. Nevertheless, I like her. (in spite of )
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The weather was very hot, so we all felt tired. (because)
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If you don’t want to wake up the baby, speak softly. (so as to)
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We are old but we enjoy life. (despite)
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The game was so easy that even a child could play it. (such)
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They opened the window because they didn’t want the smoke to go in the kitchen. (so that)
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He speaks Chinese and he can also read it. (furthermore)
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I‘m going to do more sport because I want to lose some weight. (in order to)
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I worked hard although I didn´t get the results I expected. (nevertheless)
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It’s such a fantastic story that I can’t believe it. (so)
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They acted quickly because they wanted to avoid confusion. (so that)
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You seem to know so much about it. For this reason, I would like to hear your version of the incident. (as)
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You may not feel like doing it but you should visit your aunt. (however)
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Let’s take a taxi. I want to arrive in time. (so that)
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The paintings were so beautiful that I went to the museum twice. (such)
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The T-shirts were so cheap that we bought quite a lot. (such)
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Tom is such a bad player that nobody wants him in their team. (so)
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Sara is so intelligent that everybody asks for her advice. (such)
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