Q. 1 How is the special colloquial vocabulary of the English language classified?

Q.1 How is the special colloquial vocabulary of the English language classified?
1. Slang is everything below the standard language; it is a language peculiar to a particular group. It is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's language or dialect but are considered more acceptable when used socially. 2. Jargonisms are words whose aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group. 3. Argot is a secret language used by various groups - including, but not limited to, thieves and other criminals - to prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. 4. Professionalisms are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home: 5. Vulgarisms are a group of words of non - standard English. 6. Colloquial coinages are spontaneous and elusive.

Q.2. What are stylistic categories?

A.2 Leech & Short put forward a checklist of stylistic categories: lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech, and cohesion and context 


Q.3. What do colloquial words serve to satisfy?
A.3. The colloquial style is characteristic of the situation of direct communication; more bookish styles (official, scientific, publicist) are used in situations of indirect communication.

Q. 4. Why do authors use stylistic devices?

A. 4. They can add emphasis to phrases, evoke moods and emotions, and provide insight into an author's words by making the storytelling clear and vivid. By using these literary devices, you will definitely make the most of your storytelling!


Q.5. What do you know of professional and social Jargonisms?
A.5. Professionalisms are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home: e.g., \in-fish - submarine (торпеда). Jargonisms are words whose aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group. They need no explanation: Grease - money L o a f - head Slang in contrary to jargon is obvious and needs no translation.


Q.6. What is the place and the role of dialectal words in the national language? in the literary text?
A.6. Dialects are the non-standard varieties of the language used on the territory of the country. English dialects are divided into northern and southern dialects. Dialectal words are those which in the process of integration of the English national language remained beyond its literary boundaries and their use is generally confined to definite locality. They are to be found in the style of emotive prose.


Q.7. What are jargons words?
A. 7. Jargonisms are words whose aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group.


Q.8. What is literary expressiveness?
A.8. In literary texts, expressiveness is a means of creating an artistic image, revealing the inner world of a literary character, showing his feelings and emotions


Q.9. What is an example of a jargon sentence?
A.9. Grease - money L o a f - head Slang in contrary to jargon is obvious and needs no translation

Q.10. What are lexical stylistic devices?

A.10. Lexical stylistic device is such type of denoting. phenomena that serves to create additional expressive, evaluative, subjective connotations


Q.11. What are phonological stylistic devices?
A. 11. In poetic language, the most obvious instances of phonological foregrounding occur in the cohesive patterns of exploitation and repetition of sound devices in phonesthetic such as onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, metre and rhyme. Phonological deviation common in poetry also includes elision of sounds
12. What is vocabulary and jargons?
The classification of the English vocabulary is discussed for purely stylistic purposes. Some stylistic devices are based on the interplay of different stylistic aspects of words. The word-stock of any language is a system, the elements of which are interconnected, interrelated and yet independent. Jargon is a literary term that is defined as the use of specific phrases and words in a particular situation, profession, or trade. These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field. Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing.

13. 
    What is jargon and colloquial?
    

Jargon is a literary term that is defined as the use of specific phrases and words in a particular situation, profession, or trade. These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field. Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing. Colloquialisms are familiar words and idioms used in informal speech and writing, but unacceptable in polite conversation or business correspondence. on the head". Colloquial words are employed in non-official everyday communication and mark the message as informal, non-official and conversational.

13. 
    What are the 20 most common figures of speech?
    

1 Alliteration
Alliteration is the repeating of consonant sounds right next to each other, which creates a memorable or melodic effect.
Example: She sells seashells by the seashore. 2 Antithesis
Antithesis is a literary technique that places opposite things or ideas next to one another in order to draw out their contrast.
Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times . . .” —Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
3 Apostrophe
Apostrophe as a figure of speech is when a character addresses someone or something that isn’t present or cannot respond. The character might speak to someone deceased, an inanimate object, or a concept.
Example: “O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?” —William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
4 Circumlocution
Circumlocution is the use of a purposely wordy description. You can think of it as talking in circles.
Example: In the Harry Potter series, most characters don’t say Lord Voldemort’s name; instead, they use this circumlocution: “He Who Must Not Be Named.”
5 Epigram
An epigram is a clever and memorable statement. You will find epigrams in speeches, poetry, and at the front of a book.
Example: “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” —Eleanor Roosevelt
6 Euphemism
A euphemism is a way to say something in an understated manner, often to avoid difficult topics—like money, death, or sex.
Example: Death can be an uncomfortable subject, so we’ve developed many euphemisms to avoid confronting it head-on. Rather than telling a friend that a relative died, you might say they “kicked the bucket,” “passed away,” or are “no longer with us.”
7 Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration that adds emphasis, urgency, or excitement to a statement.
Example: If I don’t eat soon, I’m going to die of hunger.
8 Irony
Irony is a situation that subverts a reader’s expectations.
Example: One of the characters in your story is a hypochondriac, always convinced that they have an exotic and uncurable disease. An ironic ending for that character would be if they died of a common cold.
9 Litotes
Litotes use a double negative to create a positive.
Example: You’re not wrong.
10 Metaphor
A metaphor is the direct comparison of dissimilar things to create more vivid imagery or understanding.
Example: He was an onion; to understand him, she had to peel back the layers.
11 Metonymy
Metonymy is a literary device in which a word or object stands in for a closely related word or object. Metonymy gives a writer more variability with descriptions.
Example: I thought his movies were better when they weren’t so Hollywood.
12 Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like what it means.
Example: When a character is exasperated, they might exclaim, “Sheesh!” That’s both a word to show exasperation and a sound that happens when you sigh loudly.
13 Oxymoron
An oxymoron is a phrase that uses two contradictory words to create a new meaning.
Example: That strawberry cake was awfully good.
14 Paradox
A paradox is a statement that appears to contradict itself but contains some truth, theme, or humor.
Example: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” —George Orwell, Animal Farm
15 Personification
Personification is assigning human attributes to nonhuman things.
Example: The floorboards groaned under the weight of each step.
16 Pleonasm
Pleonasm is the use of more words than necessary to convey meaning. A writer might use pleonasm for humor or emphasis, or they might not realize they’re using extra words at all.
Example: The burning fire warmed the whole house.
17 Pun
A pun is a form of wordplay that purposely substitutes words that sound similar but have different meanings.
Example: “‘Mine is a long and a sad tale!’ said the Mouse, turning to Alice and sighing. ‘It is a long tail, certainly,’ said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail; ‘but why do you call it sad?’” —Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
18 Simile
A simile compares two dissimilar things using “like” or “as.” The goal of simile is to give the reader a more vivid understanding of something.
Example: It was the first real day of summer, and by the time she came back indoors, she was as red as a tomato.
19 Synecdoche
Synecdoche is when a smaller unit is used to signify a larger unit or vice versa.
Example: New England won the game by a touchdown. (Here, New England means New England’s football team.)
20 Understatement
Understatement is the intentional downplaying of a situation. This can create a humorous or deadpan effect in writing.
Example: “I have to have this operation. It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.” —J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye

13. 
    What are phonological devices?
    

Phonology basically deals with the sound patterns, the rhyming scheme and pronunciation of words in the sentence. Rhyme elements, alliteration, consonance and assonance are some of the phonological devices a poet applies to bring in various layers of meaning in his verse.

13. 
    What do you know about the neutral words?
    

The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. This layer is unrestricted in its use. It can be employed in all styles of languages and in all spheres of human activity. The neutral layer of words has no degree of emotiveness, nor have they any distinctions in the sphere of usage. Both literary and colloquial words have their upper and lower ranges. The lower range of literary words (common literary) approaches the neutral layer and has an obvious tendency to pass into that layer.

13. 
    What are expressive means in stylistics?
    

The expressive means o f a language is those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification o f the utterance.

13. 
    What is an example of metonymy?
    

Metonymy denotes transference of meaning which is based on contiguity of notions. In metonymy the name of one object is used instead of another, closely connected with it. They came in. Two of them, a man with long fair moustaches and a silent dark man. The moustaches and I had nothing in common.

13. 
    What are the 10 types of figures of speech?
    

1 Alliteration
Alliteration is the repeating of consonant sounds right next to each other, which creates a memorable or melodic effect.
Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.
2 Antithesis
Antithesis is a literary technique that places opposite things or ideas next to one another in order to draw out their contrast.
Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times . . .” —Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
3 Apostrophe
Apostrophe as a figure of speech is when a character addresses someone or something that isn’t present or cannot respond. The character might speak to someone deceased, an inanimate object, or a concept.
Example: “O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?” —William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
4 Circumlocution
Circumlocution is the use of a purposely wordy description. You can think of it as talking in circles.
Example: In the Harry Potter series, most characters don’t say Lord Voldemort’s name; instead, they use this circumlocution: “He Who Must Not Be Named.”
5 Epigram
An epigram is a clever and memorable statement. You will find epigrams in speeches, poetry, and at the front of a book.
Example: “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” —Eleanor Roosevelt
6 Euphemism
A euphemism is a way to say something in an understated manner, often to avoid difficult topics—like money, death, or sex.
Example: Death can be an uncomfortable subject, so we’ve developed many euphemisms to avoid confronting it head-on. Rather than telling a friend that a relative died, you might say they “kicked the bucket,” “passed away,” or are “no longer with us.”
7 Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration that adds emphasis, urgency, or excitement to a statement.
Example: If I don’t eat soon, I’m going to die of hunger.
8 Irony
Irony is a situation that subverts a reader’s expectations.
Example: One of the characters in your story is a hypochondriac, always convinced that they have an exotic and uncurable disease. An ironic ending for that character would be if they died of a common cold.
9 Litotes
Litotes use a double negative to create a positive.
Example: You’re not wrong.
10 Metaphor
A metaphor is the direct comparison of dissimilar things to create more vivid imagery or understanding.
Example: He was an onion; to understand him, she had to peel back the layers.

13. 
    What phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices do you know?
    

A phoneme has a strong associative and sound-instrumenting power. Due to its articulatory and acoustic properties certain ideas, feelings, images are awaken. It’s vivid in poetry. Onomatopoeia (sound imitation) is a combination of speech sounds which imitate sounds produced in nature (wind) by things (tools), by people (laughing), by animals (barking). ▲ plink, plink, fizz. Direct onomatopoeia: words which imitate natural sounds. ▲ buzz. Indirect: combination of sounds which makes the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense. ▲ Камыши шуршат в тиши. Alliteration: repetition of similar consonant sounds in close succession. ▲ Functional, fashionable, formidable. Assonance: repetition of similar vowel sounds, usually in stressed syllables. ▲ Grace, space,pace. Euphony: produced by alliteration or assonance. Sense of ease and comfort in producing or hearing. ▲ Favors unused are favors abused. Euphony is created by the assonance of the vowels [ei, u:] and alliteration [zd] frequent in proverbs. Rhyme: repetition of identical or similar terminal sounds or sound combinations in words. ▲ One, two, three, four, five. I caught a fish alive. Assonance of vowel [ai]. Rhythm: complex unit defined as a regular recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables (strong and weak elements) which determine the meter in poetry or the measured flow of words in prose.

13. 
    What are examples of stylistic features?
    

Examples of stylistic features are narrative viewpoint, structure of stanzas, juxtaposition, nominalization, alliteration, metaphor, and lexical choice.

13. 
    What are the 8 kinds of figure of speech?
    

11 Metonymy
Metonymy is a literary device in which a word or object stands in for a closely related word or object. Metonymy gives a writer more variability with descriptions.
Example: I thought his movies were better when they weren’t so Hollywood.
12 Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like what it means.
Example: When a character is exasperated, they might exclaim, “Sheesh!” That’s both a word to show exasperation and a sound that happens when you sigh loudly.
13 Oxymoron
An oxymoron is a phrase that uses two contradictory words to create a new meaning.
Example: That strawberry cake was awfully good.
14 Paradox
A paradox is a statement that appears to contradict itself but contains some truth, theme, or humor.
Example: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” —George Orwell, Animal Farm
15 Personification
Personification is assigning human attributes to nonhuman things.
Example: The floorboards groaned under the weight of each step.
16 Pleonasm
Pleonasm is the use of more words than necessary to convey meaning. A writer might use pleonasm for humor or emphasis, or they might not realize they’re using extra words at all.
Example: The burning fire warmed the whole house.
17 Pun
A pun is a form of wordplay that purposely substitutes words that sound similar but have different meanings.
Example: “‘Mine is a long and a sad tale!’ said the Mouse, turning to Alice and sighing. ‘It is a long tail, certainly,’ said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail; ‘but why do you call it sad?’” —Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
18 Simile
A simile compares two dissimilar things using “like” or “as.” The goal of simile is to give the reader a more vivid understanding of something.
Example: It was the first real day of summer, and by the time she came back indoors, she was as red as a tomato.
19 Synecdoche
Synecdoche is when a smaller unit is used to signify a larger unit or vice versa.
Example: New England won the game by a touchdown. (Here, New England means New England’s football team.)
20 Understatement
Understatement is the intentional downplaying of a situation. This can create a humorous or deadpan effect in writing.
Example: “I have to have this operation. It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.” —J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye

13. 
    What are the three main branches in linguistic anthropology?
    

To make this process easier, linguistic anthropology has several different specialty areas, three of them being historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, and sociolinguistics

13. 
    Enumerate functional styles of contemporary English?
    

1) Official(documents and papers);
2) Scientific (brochures, articles, other scientific publications);
3) Publicistic (essay, public speech);
4) Newspaper style (mass media);
5) Belles-lettres style (genre of creative writing);

13. 
    Is irony a stylistic device?
    

Irony, linguistic and literary device, in spoken or written form, in which real meaning is concealed or contradicted.

13. 
    What connotational meanings do you know? Dwell on each of them, providing your own examples.
    

Connotation is created when you mean something else, something that might be initially hidden. The connotative meaning of a word is based on implication, or shared emotional association with a word. Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word. Listed below are ten pairs of words that evoke negative or positive feelings. For each pair, place a plus sign after the word that conveys a more favorable attitude and a minus sign after the word that carries a less favorable attitude. • refreshing – chilly • plain – natural • clever – sly • cackle – giggle • snob – cultured • cop – officer • skinny – slender • statesman – politician • smile – smirk • domineering – assertive

13. 
    What are the branches of English?
    

1. Lexical Stylistics 2. Comparative Stylistics 3. Phonostylistics 4. Linguostylistics 5. Literary Stylistics 6. Decoding Stylistics 7. Grammatical Stylistics 8. Functional Stylistics 9. Stylistic syntax 10. Practical Stylistics

13. 
    What is oxymoron literary device?
    

Oxymoron is a combination of two words whose meanings are opposite and incompatible: sweet sorrow, nice rascal, horribly beautiful. Oxymoron is a combination of two semantically contradictory notions that help to emphasize contradictory qualities as a dialectal unity simultaneously existing in the described phenomenon. As a rule, one of the two members of oxymoron illuminates the feature which is universally observed and acknowledged while the other one offers a purely subjective individual perception of the object. Thus, in an oxymoron we also deal with the foregrounding of emotive meaning, only of a different type than the one observed in previously discussed SDs. The most widely known structure of oxymoron is attributive, so it is easy to believe that the subjective part of the oxymoron is embodied in the attribute-epithet, especially because the latter also proceeds from the foregrounding of the emotive meaning. Many oxymorons have been popularized in vernacular speech. Unlike literary oxymorons, many of these are not intended to construct a paradox; they are simply puns: controlled chaos, open secret, organized mess, alone in a crowd, accidentally on purpose. There are also examples in which terms that are superficially contradictory are juxtaposed in such a way that there is no contradiction: same difference, jum bo shrimp, pretty ugly, and hot ice (where hot means stolen and ice means diamonds, respectively, in criminal argot).

13. 
    What do you know about functional style?
    

Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive features of each style and not the language means or stylistic devices themselves. The English literary system has evolved a number of styles easily distinguishable one from another. They are not homogeneous and fall into several variants of having some central point of resemblance or better to say. All integrated by the invariant – i.e. the abstract ideal system. They are:1) Official(documents and papers); 2) Scientific (brochures, articles, other scientific publications); 3) Publicistic (essay, public speech); 4) Newspaper style(mass media). 5) Belles-lettres style(genre of creative writing);

13. 
    What are the branches of phonetic?
    

The science of phonetics is concerned only with such sounds of speech which are produced by the human speaking apparatus, they have a set of basic characteristics and are capable of carrying meaningful linguistic information.

Speech sounds can be considered and investigated as a physical phenomenon having its acoustic aspect. The branch of phonetics which studies the way in which the air stream vibrates between the speaker’s mouth and the listener’s ear is called acoustic phonetics. The branch of phonetics investigating the hearing process is known as auditory phonetics. The branch which studies speech sounds as units serving the purposes of communication is called phonology. Besides there are other divisions of phonetics. General phonetics deals with analysis, description and comparison of phonetic phenomena in different languages. Descriptive phonetics studies the contemporary phonetic system of a language, i.e., the system of pronunciation, and gives a description of all the phonetic units of this language. Historical phonetics is the branch of phonetics, which studies phonetic components on the diachronic level; it is a part of the history of a language, which studies the history of the development of the phonetic laws. Comparative phonetics, which is closely connected with historical phonetics, deals with correlation between the phonetic system of two or more languages. Phonology – is the branch of phonetics that studies the linguistic function of consonant and vowel sounds, syllabic structure, word accent and prosodic features, such as pitch, stress and tempo. Dialectology – the branch of phonetics which studies the dialectal differences in pronunciation. Phonotactics studies patterns of combinability of speech sounds and frequency of their occurrence. The knowledge of phonotactics possibilities also shows us how this system works, where we have opportunities or taboos. This can be important if you want to lessen or minimize your foreign accent. E.g.: the sounds [t, n] are the most frequently used consonants in English as well as the consonant clusters: mbl, ndl. Consequently, a teacher should introduce these sounds first. Phono stylistics is the study of phonetic phenomena from the stylistic point of view. It deals with the main phonetic peculiarities of existing intonation styles, which are displayed in a variety of texts generated in everyday communication of a modern man.

13. 
    What is individual style in stylistics?
    

The term individual style is applied to that sphere of linguistic and literary science which deals with the peculiarities o f a writer’s individual manner of using language means to achieve the effect he desires. It is a unique combination of language units, expressive means and stylistic devices peculiar to a given writer, which makes that writer’s work easily recognizable.

13. 
    What phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices do you know?
    

Phonetic expressive means are: alliteration, □ onomatopoeia, □ euphony, □ rhythm, □ rhyme. Alliteration is a phonetic stylistic device which aims at imparting a meloding effect to the utterance

13. 
    What are expressive means in stylistics?
    

The expressive means o f a language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance

13. 
    What do colloquial words serve to satisfy?
    

Literary words serve to satisfy communicative demands of official, scientific, poetic messages. Colloquial words are employed in non-official everyday communication.

13. 
    What do you know of professional and social Jargonisms?
    

Professionalisms are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home: e.g., \in-fish - submarine (торпеда). Jargonisms are words whose aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group. They need no explanation: Grease - money L o a f - head Slang in contrary to jargon is obvious and needs no translation.

13. 
    What are the 5 Elements of style?
    

Brevity, Clarity, Flow, Simplicity, Unity–these elements of style remain critical for writers to consider when drafting, composing, writing, revising or editing their works.

13. 
    What are linguistic branches?
    

Literary Linguistics.
Conversation Analysis.
Dialectology.
Historical Linguistics.
Language Acquisition.
Morphology.
Phonetics.
Phonology.

13. 
    Why do authors use stylistic devices?
    

They can add emphasis to phrases, evoke moods and emotions, and provide insight into an author's words by making the storytelling clear and vivid. By using these literary devices, you will definitely make the most of your storytelling

13. 
    What are stylistic patterns?
    

A stylistic device is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative model.

13. 
    What is the status of belles-lettres style among other functional styles?
    

The belles-lettres style rests on certain indispensable linguistic features which are: genuine, not trite, imagery, achieved by purely linguistic device. the use of words in contextual and very often in more that one dictionary meaning. The belles - letters style 1) the language style o f poetry; 2) the language style of emotive prose (выразительная проза); 3) the language style o f drama. Emotive prose allows the use of elements of other styles but the author changes them and fulfils a certain function.

13. 
    What are syntactical stylistic devices?
    

Syntactical stylistic devices are used to analyze the internal structure of sentences in a language and the way they function in syntactical sequences; clauses, phrases, words, nouns, verbs, etc. Syntactical stylistic devices are also divided into 4 groups

13. 
    What is the role of style in language?
    

Style includes diction and tone. The main goal in considering style is to present your information in a manner appropriate for both the audience and the purpose of the writing.

13. 
    What is a lexical device?
    

A stylistic device may be defined as a pattern according to which the peculiarities of the language may be materialized.
Lexical stylistic devices reveal (раскрывают) the following patterns:

• 
  Interplay of different types of lex. meaning;
  
• 
  Intensification (усиление) of characteristic traits of the phenomena described;
  
• 
  Intentional (намеренно) mixing of word of different stylistic aspects
  

13. 
    Is Emotiveness a word?
    

Emotiveness – the emotions of writer or speaker. Expressiveness – broader than emotiveness. Emotiveness occupies a predominant position in expressiveness. There are media in language, which aim at logical emphasis of a certain part of utterance