Rashidova Maftunaning “Types of morphemes in English” Mavzusidagi kurs ishi

5. Interpretation of the morpheme in different schools of linguistics
Classification of Russian morphemes
All morphemes are divided into stem and rootless. Rootless morphemes are divided into word-forming (prefix and word-forming suffix) and form-forming (ending and form-forming suffix).
Root
The fundamental difference between the root and other types of morphemes is that the root is the only obligatory part of the word. There are no rootless words, there are many words with prefixes, suffixes (table) and endings (kangaroo). The root, unlike other morphemes, can be used without combination with other roots. Often, when defining the root, it is indicated that it "represents the main lexical meaning of the word." For most words, this is indeed the case, for example: table-ik "small table". But there are also words in which the main component of the lexical meaning is not expressed in the stem or is not expressed by any separate morpheme. So, for example, in the word matinee, the main component of the lexical meaning - "children's holiday" is not represented by any of the morphemes
Principles of morphemic word analysis
The morphemic analysis of the word (analyzing the word by composition) begins with the selection of the root and forming morphemes - the ending and / or the forming suffix (if any).
In this case, it is necessary to remember about j, which can be "hidden" in an iotized vowel after a vowel or separator. If it closes the stem of the word, it should be inserted (impression j-e). If this is not done, you may make a mistake in the composition of the adverb or not notice the adverb in the word at all. So, for example, in Russian there is no suffix -*ni-, but there is a suffix -nij-: sing ® ne-nij-e. The word heaven contains the suffix -j- in its composition, which is not expressed literally in any way: under-heaven-is-j-e.
Definition of morphemes in English
While studying the composition of the universe, scientists discovered that the smallest unit for measuring an element is an atom. If you're thinking about the periodic table of elements, atoms include elements like hydrogen, carbon, silver, gold, calcium, and more. Scientists use this classification system for uniformity, so they are on the same page in the terminology of their research.
Similarly, linguists or language learners have developed a category for the smallest unit of grammar: morphemes. Morphemes are the basis of language and syntax. Syntax is the arrangement of words and sentences to create meaning. We should not confuse morphemes only as a given word, number of syllables, or only as a prefix or suffix. The term morpheme can be used in different situations. Let's take a look!
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Types of morphemes
In linguistics, we classify morphemes as either phonemes (the smallest grammatical units recognized by sound) or graphemes (the smallest units of written language). For our purposes, we'll focus on graphemes.
Let's look at the word indestructible, analyze it, and then discuss the terms associated with it.
Nonperishable consists of three morphemes: non-, perishable, and -able. It actually has five syllables, which is a good example of why morphemes and syllables are not synonymous¹².
non- is an example of a prefix or a morpheme that comes before a base morpheme
perish is an example of a base morpheme because it gives the word its main meaning
-able is an example of a morpheme following a suffix or a base morpheme
An example of a morpheme is an affix added before or after a root that cannot function as an independent work
A morpheme as a word
If we can take a morpheme independently and use it as an independent word in a sentence, it is known as a base. As shown in the chart, these can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions, or determiners. A morpheme that can perform the function of an independent word is also classified as free.
In the sentence:
The bird-like man barely touched his food during dinner.
There are twelve morphemes in total, and ten of the twelve are free:
(article)
bird (noun)
like (adjective)
person (noun)
hard (adjective)
touch (verb)
his (defining)
food (noun)
at (preposition)
dinner (noun)
The other two morphemes -ed and -ly are types of affixes, which lead to our next topic.
A morpheme as an affix
An affix is ​​a bound morpheme that attaches to a free morpheme only for meaning. Prefixes and suffixes are the most common examples.
Common prefixes: re-, sub-, trans-, in-, en-, ad-, dis-, con-, com-
Common suffixes: -s, -es, -able, -ance, -ity, -less, -ly, -tion.
Structural morphemes can be suffixes or prefixes, and they have the ability to change both the function and meaning of a word. An example is adding the suffix -less to a noun. Then it forms an addition.
Morpheme in Uzbek language
A morpheme (Greek: morphe - form) is a linguistic unit that has its own form and meaning, is not divided into other meaningful parts, and serves to make a word (lexeme) or form a word. Morphemes in the Uzbek language are mostly in the affix (see). For example, chi (wrestler), -shnos (politician), -q (comb), ki (kick), li (smart), chan (hardworking), la (salt), -illa (knock), lar (children), rok, (larger), -mtir (darker), etc
Morphemes are divided into 2 types according to their main function; wordsmiths; shapers of the word. Word-forming morphemes are used to create new lexemes and play an important role in the enrichment of the vocabulary (lexical) layer of the Uzbek language. Word Form Morphemes form a word that expresses additional meaning. Mas, trees (plural form of the word tree), higher (degree form of the word tall), sargish (diminutive form of the word sarig), keldim (past first person singular form of the verb kel) and other Morphemes are not used independently, they cannot express a lexical meaning, only the lexical meaning of the word. and serves to form grammatical meanings. A morpheme may not be part of a word. The term and concept of "morpheme" was introduced into linguistics by the polyarchic linguist I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay. But there is some difference between I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay's interpretation of Morphema and this current interpretation.
The term morpheme is considered as "the smallest linguistic unit expressing morpheme-lexical meaning" in the textbook "Current Uzbek Literary Language" by R. Saifullayeva and others [16]. In this tutorial, the term morpheme is interpreted as follows. In the functional approach, the role of a word in the process of its occurrence in speech, as well as its "contribution" to the occurrence of other linguistic level units and the breakdown of their common meanings are examined. For example, the lexeme [adam] in the word (human) distinguishes the meaning of the morpheme (-cha) "shrinking-degrading" from the meaning of "shrinking-petting" in the word (girl), which is a morphological level unit [-cha ] broke down the general meaning of the morpheme "reduction" and separated one from the other¹³.
From this example, we understand that -chaaffiksi (affix is ​​not a morpheme) is called a morpheme. The authors of the manual continue to write their opinion. The doctrine of the independent component of a morphemic word. It is known that in the Uzbek language, in contrast to inflectional languages, it has the feature of independent meaning. Parts of the word other than the root are not used separately and do not have meaning. That is why they are called morphemes. For example, the word (cotton farmers) consists of parts (cotton), (-kor), (-lar), (-ga). Each separate component has its own elemental and semantic position within this word.