Rashidova Maftunaning “Types of morphemes in English” Mavzusidagi kurs ishi

O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI
OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI
BUXORO DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI
XORIJIY TILLAR FAKULTETI
INGLIZ TILSHUNOSLIGI KAFEDRASI

11-7 MBTXT-20-GURUH TALABASI

Rashidova Maftunaning
“Types of morphemes in English”
Mavzusidagi

KURS ISHI

Xorijiy tillar fakulteti

5112200- Maktabgacha va boshlang`ich ta`limda xorijiy til (ingliz tili)

Ilmiy rahbar: Sadikov. E. T

BUXORO 2023
CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Morphology………………………………………………
2 Definition and examples of prefixes and suffix…………………………..
3 Function and content morphem……………………………………………
4 Derivational and inflectional morphemes…………………………………
5 The interpretation of the morpheme in different linguistic schools ……..
Conclusion………………………………………………………………..
Reference………………………………………………………………..

1. Introduction to morphology
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful lexical element in a language. A morpheme is not a word. The difference between a morpheme and a word is that a morpheme sometimes does not stand alone, but a word in this definition always does. The branch of linguistics devoted to morphemes is called morphology.
In English, when a morpheme can stand alone, it is considered a base because it has its own meaning (for example, the morpheme cat). When it depends on another morpheme to express a thought, it is an affix because it performs a grammatical function (for example, the -s in cats indicate plural). However, this definition is not universal and does not apply, for example, to Latin, where many roots cannot stand alone. For example, the Latin root reg- ("king") must always be added with a case: rex (reg-s), reg-is, reg-i, etc. For a language like Latin, a root can be identified. as the main lexical morpheme of the word.
For example, English words have the following morphological analysis.
"Unbreakable" is made up of three morphemes: un- (bound morpheme meaning "no"), break (root, free morpheme) and -able (bound morpheme meaning "ability to do"). ¹
The plural morpheme for regular nouns (-s) has three allomorphs: it is pronounced as /s/ (e.g. /kæts/ in cats), /ɪz, əz/ (e.g. /dɪʃɪz/ in dishes) and /z/ ( . for example /dɒɡz/ in dogs), Classification of Morphemes to the pronunciation of the root
Free and bound morphemes
Bound and free morphemes
Each morpheme can be classified as free or bound.
Free morphemes can function independently as words (eg town, dog) and can appear as part of lexemes (eg town hall, dog house).
Bound morphemes occur only as part of a word, always with a root, and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only together with other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Examples of suffixes are -tion, -sion, -tive, -ation, -ible, -ing. Linked morphemes without an affix are called cranberry morphe
Classification of connected morphemes
Bound morphemes can be further divided into derivational or inflectional morphemes. Their main difference is their function with respect to words.
Morphemes with a stem
Stem morphemes, when combined with a root, change the semantic meaning of the affected word or part of speech. For example, in the word happiness, adding the morpheme -ness to the happy stem changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happy). In the word unkind, the un- morpheme acts as a derivational morpheme because it changes the meaning of the root (word). Usually, morphemes that have an affix (that is, an affix) to a root morpheme (word) are bound morphemes.
Inflectional morphemes
Complementary morphemes change the tense, aspect, mood, person or number of a verb, noun, adjective, pronoun, number, gender or case, without affecting the meaning or group (part of speech) of the word. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words include adding -s to the stem dog to make dogs, or adding -ed to make waited. An inflectional morpheme changes the form of a word. There are eight inflections in English.
Allomorphs
Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme that differ in form but are semantically similar. For example, the English plural sign has two allomorphs: -s and -es (dog -> dogs / bus -> buses. Not to be confused with allophones where the change is in pronunciation; for example: /-s, -z/ (ko 'rbatflies / bugs) or /-ɪz, -əz/, (buses).
Zero bound morpheme
A null morpheme is a type of morpheme that has semantic meaning but is not represented by auditory phonemes. They are often represented by /Ø/ in glosses.²
Usually, morphemes of this type do not undergo visible changes. For example, sheep is both singular and plural. Hence, the intended meaning is derived from the agreement determiner (in this case "some-"
For example, the word "inviter" is formed from the commonly used morphemes "in-" and "-ing". The morphological sign of "in-" can be an arrow going into a bowl, and "-ing" can be a forward arrow indicating that something is moving (e.g. running, fishing)
The concept of combining visual aid icons with morpheme teaching methods was pioneered by Neville Brown in the mid-1980s.[4]
He founded the Maple Hayes School of Dyslexia in 1981, where he later refined the method with his son Daryl Brown. The school curriculum uses morphological icons as a teaching aid.
Morphological analysis
In natural language processing for Japanese, Chinese, and other languages, morphological analysis is the process of breaking down a sentence into a series of morphemes. Morphological analysis is closely related to part-of-speech tagging, but word segmentation is required for these languages ​​because word boundaries are not represented by spaces.
The goal of morphological analysis is to identify minimal units of meaning by comparing similar forms (morphemes) in the language: for example, comparing forms such as "He is walking" and "They are walking" with each other, not with each other. Something less like "you're reading". Shapes can be efficiently segmented and different morphemes separated