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The man responsible for greatly reducing the suffering resulting from surgery was Joseph Lister, who
was born in 1827. In 1886 he made the discovery that wound infections following surgery were due to
bacteria, and he began to use carbolic acid in an attempt to destroy the bacteria in the air around the
operating table. Clean, sterile operating theatres as we know them were unfamiliar in Lister's day, and
he was the first surgeon to realise the importance of antisepsis - killing the bacteria in and around the
incision that is necessary for the operation. It was his pioneering work with antiseptics which led to the
strict routines which surround modern operating theatres, where surgical instruments are sterilised
before use, and all the theatre staff have to "scrub up" and wear sterilised gloves and clothing.
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