Reading rules

U N I T 3
Grammar: Continuous Tense
Present Participle
Pronouns
Use of It
Numerals
Text: Railroad Track
Supplementary text: Unusual Railways
It’s interesting to know: Around the World: Track Innovations
Word Building: -ity, -ty, -ship; -ous, -ive, -y; -ate, -en


READING RULES

C с	[s]	перед i, e, y	capacity, cell, bicycle
	[k]	перед усіма іншими голосними та приголосними	come, exact, direction
	[C]	у сполученнях ch, tch	charge, watch
	[S]	перед сполученнями ial, ient	special, efficient викл. chemistry [k], technique [k], machine [ʃ]

Exercise 1 Practice the following sounds.

[s]	[k]	[tʃ]	[ʃ]
saucer once certain cinema centimetre December dance	can cat come close cake describe correct	watch fetch catch match patch chain chess	special efficient especially commercial crucial sufficient ancient

Exercise 2 Read the following words and explain the rules of reading.
Chalk, picture, chair, mechanic, machinery, French, teacher, exercise, pencil, clean, nice, ceiling, chemistry, mathematics, actual, black, cent, dance, colour, certainly, clock, watch, catch, children, circular, can, ice, nice, neck, space, pact, face, chin, chest, match, catch, cell, chick, chill, watch, charge, patch, snatch, place, chain, cheap, cigarette, cigar, class, species, specialize, specific, cycle.


GRAMMAR
Continuous Tense
(Часи групи Continuous)

	Active be+Present Participle (-ing)	Passive be+being+Past Participle (-ed)
Present	I am discussing a new plan now. He is still discussing a new plan. They are discussing a new plan.	A new plan is being discussed. New plans are being discussed.
Past	He was discussing a new plan when the manager came. They were discussing a new plan during the meeting.	A new plan was being discussed when we came. New plans were being discussed during the meeting.
Future	We will be discussing a new plan tomorrow at 5.	-

Spelling:
1. argue – arguing, hate – hating, love – loving (але: age – ageing, dye - dyeing, agree – agreeing, see – seeing)
2. hit – hitting, run – running, stop – stopping
3. ad'mit – admitting, be'gin – beginning, pre'fer – preferring (але: 'budget – budgeting, 'enter – entering)
4. signal – signalling, travel – travelling (AmE.: signaling, traveling)
5. carry – carrying, enjoy – enjoying, hurry – hurrying
6. die – dying, lie – lying
Present Continuous Tense
1. Подовжені дії, що здійснюються під час говоріння (still, now, at 11 o’clock, from 5 to 9 o’clock), або в теперішній період часу (today, this week, this season).
Please, don’t make so much noise. I am studying. (not I study)
Tom and Ann are talking and drinking in a café. Tom says, ‘I’m reading an interesting book at the moment.’
‘You are working hard today.’ ‘Yes, I have a lot to do.’
2. Ситуації, які швидко змінюються:
The population of the world is rising very fast. (not rises).
3. Майбутні дії, якщо виказується намір їх здійснення або впевненість у їх виконанні.
What are you doing tomorrow evening?
I am going to the theatre.
Примітка 1. Present Continuous Tense також може використовуватися:
- для висловлення меншої впевненості та офіціальності:
I am hoping you can lend me $100.
I’m afraid we must be going;
- для висловлення незадоволення, скарги, тощо:
He is continually borrowing money from me.


Past Continuous Tense
Подовжена дія, що відбувалася у певний момент у минулому або в певний відрізок часу.
I was reading a book at seven yesterday.
In June that firm was carrying on negotiations for the purchase of wheat.
Past Continuous не вказує на те, чи завершилась дія:
Tom was cooking the dinner (= він готував обід і не відомо, чи приготував він його).
Tom cooked the dinner (= він приготував обід).
Примітка 1. Рast Сontinuous часто стоїть разом з Рast Simple, якщо одна дія здійснювалася на фоні іншої.
Tom burned his hand when (while) he was cooking the dinner.
При переліку подій у минулому вживається Past Indefinite, незалежно від тривалості дії.
I came home early, rested from five till six, and then worked the whole evening.


Future Continuous Tense
1. Подовжена дія, що буде відбуватися в певний момент у майбутньому або в певний відрізок часу.
This time tomorrow they will be sitting in the cinema. They will be watching a film.
I will be preparing for my examination in May.
2. Намір здійснити дію, або впевненість у її здійсненні (замість Future Indefinite Tense).
He will be meeting us at the station.

Зворот to be going to do smth
To be going to виражає намір здійснити дію або впевненість у її здійсненні у майбутньому.
We were going to ship these goods by the steamer. – Ми збиралися відправити цей товар пароплавом.
The sky is clearing up; the rain is going to stop in a minute. – Небо прояснюється; дощ ущухне через хвилину.


Verbs, used only in SIMPLE tenses

Ментальний та емоційний стан	Чуттєве сприймання	Відношення	Інші
believe	appear	(dis)agree	be
(dis)like	hear	promise	consist
know	look (=seem)	surprise	depend
remember	see	satisfy	include
understand	seem	deny	matter
want	smell	impress	own
prefer	sound	astonish	need
imagine	taste	mean	lack

Exercise 3 Translate the following pairs of sentences defining the tense of the verb in each case.
1. She prepares her lessons in the evening every day. – She is still preparing her lessons. 2. He worked hard at his English last term. – He was working hard at his English when we came to see him. 3. I am tired, I will learn this rule tomorrow. – I will be learning this rule all the morning tomorrow. 4. The work is usually done in time. – The work is being done now, and soon it will be finished. 5. The safety system was installed two years ago. – The safety system was being installed all the day yesterday.


Exercise 4 Complete the following sentences putting the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense.
1. Alec and Mary are Scottish. They (come) from Glasgow. 2. They’ll be here very soon. They (come) by car. 3. Liza can’t answer the phone. She (have) a bath. 4. She (have) two new pairs of jeans. 5. I (think) that all politicians tell lies. 6. I (think) about my girlfriend. She’s in New York at the moment. 7. Be quiet! I (watch) my favourite programme. I always (watch) it on Thursday evenings. 8. John’s not at home. He (see) the doctor about his sore throat. 9. I (see) the problem but I can’t help you. 10. This room (be used) usually for big meetings. But today it (be used) for a party.


Exercise 5 a) Role-play the dialogue.
A: What do you do?
B: I’m an interior designer. I decorate people’s houses, and give them ideas for furniture and lighting.
A: And what are you doing at the moment?
B: Well, now I’m working on a house. I’m working on a hotel. I’m designing a new dining room for the Hilton.
b) Work in pairs. Make up similar dialogues with some of the jobs below.
For ideas: a film director, a mechanic, a football manager, an artist, an architect, a ski instructor, a journalist, a travel agent, an actor, a farmer.


Exercise 6 Choose the Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense.
I met / was meeting a friend while I did / was doing the shopping. I paid / was paying for my things when I heard / was hearing someone call my name. I turned / was turning round and saw / was seeing Paula. She wore / was wearing a bright red coat. We decided / were deciding to have a cup of coffee. While we had / were having a drink, a waiter dropped / was dropping a pile of plates. We all got / were getting a terrible shock. While the waiter picked / was picking up broken plates, he cut / was cutting his finger. We left / were leaving the café and said / were saying goodbye. I finished / was finishing my shopping and went / was going home.