Reading rules

Exercise 15 a) Substitute the subordinate attributive clause for a clause with the Present Participle.
Model: All the people who live in this house are students. – All the people living in this house are students.
1. The woman who is speaking now is our secretary. 2. The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the laboratory is quite new. 3. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 4. There are a lot of students in our group who take part in all kinds of extracurricular activities.
b) Substitute the subordinate adverbial clause for a clause with the Present Participle.
Model: As he felt more at ease, the man spoke in a louder voice. – Feeling more at ease, the man spoke in a louder voice.
1. Since he knew who the man was, Robert was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him. 2. As he thought that it was his brother at the window, Steve decided to open it. 3. Since he needed a shelter for the night, Peter decided to go to the neighbour’s house.


Exercise 16 Rewrite sentences using the information in brackets.
Model: That girl is Australian. (She is talking to Tom.)
The girl talking to Tom is Australian.
1. A plane crashed into the sea yesterday. (It was carrying 28 passengers.) 2. When I was walking home, there was a man. (He was following me.) 3. I was woken up by the telephone. (It was ringing.) 4. At the end of the street there is a path. (The path leads to the river. 5. Some paintings were stolen from the palace. (They belong to the Queen.)


Exercise 17 Translate the sentences with the Present Participle.
a) as an attribute
1. The locomotives developing high speeds are used to draw passenger trains. 2. Ballast supporting the track structure is made of broken stone. 3. The engineers taking part in the conference spoke about the latest achievements of our railway engineering. 4. Countries facing the energy crisis have to introduce power-saving technologies. 5. Most of trains running the service on suburban lines operate on electricity.
b) as an adverbial modifier
1. Organizing international railway exhibitions we demonstrate the latest locomotives, cars, modern machinery. 2. Discussing the project the engineers spoke of its advantages. 3. The locomotive must develop a higher tractive effort when drawing a heavy train. 4. When designing the Trans-Caspian Railway the engineers had many difficulties. 5. The scientists paid great attention to railway electrification while working out the general development plan.