Prepared by: Xurramova M Submitted to : Usmonova K Realia - Realia are words and expressions for culture-specific material elements. The word realia comes from medieval Latin, in which it originally meant “the real things”, i.e. material things, as opposed to abstract ones. The Bulgarian translators Vlahov and Florin, who were the first to carry out an in-depth study of realia, coined the modern sense of the word. They indicate that since realia carry a very local overtone, they often pose a challenge for translation.
Realia - Realia must not be confused with terminology: the latter is primarily used in the scientific literature to designate things that pertain to the scientific sphere, and usually only appears in other kinds of texts to serve a very specific stylistic purpose. Realia, on the other hand, are born in popular culture, and are increasingly found in very diverse kinds of texts.Fiction, in particular, is fond of realia for the exotic touch they bring.
Vlahov and Florin classify them into various categories: Geography: - physical geography: fjord, mistral, steppe, tornado, tsunami…
- geographic objects tied to man’s activity: polder…
- endemic species: kiwi, koala, sequoia, Abominable Snowman
Ethnography - Everydaylife: paprika, spaghetti, empanada, cider, bistrot, sauna, kimono, sari,sombrero, jeans, igloo, bungalow…
- work: carabinieri, concierge, machete, bolas…
- art and culture: kozachok, tarantella, banjo, gong, commedia dell’arte, harlequin, bard, geisha, ramadan, cinco de mayo, easter, Santa Claus, werewolf, vampire, mormon, quaker, dervish, pagoda, synagogue …
- ethnic characterizations: cockney, Fritz, gringo, yankee…
- measures and money: mile,kilometer, hectare, gallon, perch, ruble, lira, peseta, talent, greenback
- Administrativedivisions: region, province, department, state, county, canton, principality, favela, bidonville, arrondissement, souk, promenade...
- organs and functions: agora, forum, knesset, duma, senate, chancellor, tzar, shah, pharaoh, vizier, ayatollah, satrap…
- political and social life: peronist, tupamaros, Ku Klux Klan, partigiani, slavophile, lobbying, lord, bolshevik, agrégé, untouchables, samurai, union jack, fleur-de-lis…
- military realia: cohort, phalanx, arquebus, AK-47, katyusha, cuirassier
Translating realia - To translate realia, various strategies exist : they range from phonetic transcription to translation of the overall meaning. Israeli scholar Gideon Toury offers one way of defining such solutions. According to his characterization, each of these can be placed between two extremes: adequacy (closeness to the original) and acceptability (making the word entirely consistent with the target culture).
Uzbek national realia examples: - 1. Duppi, chopon, kamzol, kalish
- 2.Shashlik, palov,samsa,
- 3. Sunnat tuy, beshik,
- 4.Dacha, sandal
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