Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: a review
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1. Introduction
Edible polymers, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are biodegradable, biocompatible and of high-quality suited best as alternatives for the low quality and non- biodegradable products in varied fields including food applications that have focused ample research concerned to their development and modification. Gels are usually polymeric materials proficient in assimi- lating air, water, or oil in their three-dimensional networks and there- fore constitute aerogels, hydrogels, and oleogels [1] . Gels have been used in biomedical applications as biomaterials for wound healing for the past few decades [2] . The gels from natural sources need to be easily accessible, cost-effective, renewable, and biodegradable. In recent times the over-exploitation of the natural product-based entities dictates the incorporation of some new properties (sustainable, structural diversity, availability, and biocompatibility) in the nature-sourced polymers over synthetic ones by employing various techniques to achieve the desired demands of food, agricultural and pharmaceutical industry [3,4] . Moreover, some limitations in natural polysaccharides (drop-in viscosity during storing, microbial contamination, and unconfined rate of hy- dration) force the utilization of synthetic ones via chemical modifica- tions. It also marks the beginning of the preparation of polysaccharide- based hydrogels [5] . Hydrogels are polymeric matrices with the prin- cipal structure, hydrophilic in nature, and a 3D structure bestowed with the potential of storing liquids considerably. Hydrogels are composed of hydrophilic natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic polymer chains, which can be designed into any shape, size, or form [6] . The base material used for the hydrogel preparation may be natural or synthetic macromole- cules through the process of cross-linking or bridge formation among the polymer's chains [7] . Hydrogels bear different characteristics like they can be employed in loading, targeting, and drug delivery of bio- molecules, including hydrophobic ones without losing their integrity, and these are also called “insoluble swollen solids”. More importantly, they aid in combating antimicrobial resistance and bear antimicrobial activity [8,9] . Among natural sources, polysaccharides such as locust bean gum, gum ghatti, guar gum, selecan, xylan, starch, chitosan, so- dium alginate, pectin, etc. through different modifications channelize hydrogels for applications in varied allied fields [10–12] . In the food industry, they can be employed as packaging agents due to their conformation, more prominently in foods with a high-water content that leads to humidity development. Other beneficial aspects of hydrogels include the use in risk monitoring for food safety, food packaging, improvement in the quality of food, calorie control, and nutrient modification [13,14] . The purpose of application of hydrogels demands modulation of its mechanical properties which is of great solicitude. Physical crosslinking, chemical crosslinking, enzymatic crosslinking, and chemical modifications are some of the strategies employed for resolving the above concern [15,16] . Polysaccharides obtained from animals, plants, microbes, and algae possess different unparalleled characteristics among which biodegrad- ability, biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity are worth mentioning be- sides having renewable sources that cater the economic and environmental concerns [17] . Polysaccharide-based hydrogels (PBHs) constitute more than 90 % of water in free, bound, and semi-bound form when analyzed in the swollen state. Crediting to the promising role in varied fields such as pharmaceutical, agriculture, cosmetics, along with the food industry, PBHs have attracted huge interest in research in the last few decades that has led to the synthesis and design of various types of polysaccharide hydrogels [3,15,18] . PBHs also find justified appli- cations in drug release in a controlled manner, in removing toxic chemicals and dyes by adsorption, and more precisely in matrix syn- thesis for living cell encapsulation [7,19] . In addition, PBHS is bestowed with improved water retention capacity due to the constituting hydro- philic groups (–OH, –CONH–, –CONH 2 , and –SO 3 H) and could be the best option for use in wound healing and biosensor applications [20] . Polysaccharide-based hydrogels have revolutionized every field, from the health sector to food and agriculture. It has been revealed upon functional characterization that these assist in controlling the moisture because of their encapsulation, texturization, and physical cross-linking generated in the three-dimensional construct of food systems [21] . Molecular interactions in these gels involve hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ionic cross-linkage. Upon treating foods with polysaccharide-based hydrogels, they can yield strong/hard gels (hy- drocolloids with a strong network of gel), weak/soft gels (hydrocolloids with a higher gelling network), and pseudo/fluid gels (hydrocolloids with moldable gelling level) [22,23] . However, PBHs are not blooming in the practical world at such a pace as they should due to their inability to control the structure of the hydrogels and the products synthesized thereof resulting in the high modulus polysaccharide hydrogel forma- tion. Another reason may be that PBHs are not able to minimize the degradation of the resulting hydrogels and can lead to possible harmful effects due to their immunogenicity [7] . Hence, over time several studies have tried to unveil the structural and biochemical properties of PBHs with desired features through different levels of modifications/ad- vancements using advanced techniques [24–26] . However, there exists a lack in the comprehensive exploration of PBHs based on their synthesis and application. Hence, this review discusses the recent trends, devel- opment, and fabrication of different PBHs. We also summarize the representative research works highlighting the properties and applica- tions of PBHs coupled with the challenges and new directions/ap- proaches deciding the fate of PBHs ( Table 1 ). Download 1.62 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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