Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: a review
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1.1.8. Gellan gum-based hydrogel
Sphingomonas elodea produces gellan gum, an anionic extracellular polysaccharide. Gellan gum is divided into two types: HA gellan gum and LA gellan gum. In a linear tetrasaccharide repeat unit, gellan gum is made up of two glucose, one rhamnose, and one glucuronate, unit [100] . On the three-linked glucose ( L -glyceryl) chain, the original polymer, HA gellan gum, has two acyl substituents at O (2) and acetyl at O (3), (6). Only half of the repeating units are acetylated, and each repeat unit has an average of one glyceryl group [101] . Alkaline hydrolysis removes acyl groups from the natural polymer, resulting in a straight chain structure in LA gellan gum. Gellan gum is the most advanced addition to the commercially accessible range of food gelling agents, each with its unique set of qualities and uses. When gellan gum cools, it transforms from a coil- helix structure to a helix structure. To explain the gellan gum process, several hypotheses have been offered. The driving forces, they agree, are cation cross-linking and hydrogen bonding inside the organized struc- ture of aggregated helical segments, with disordered flexible polymer chains at junction zones connecting the orderly junctions [102] . An acetyl group on the double helix's surface can prevent it from aggre- gating, leading to heat reversibility but a poor gel texture for HA gellan gum. The glycerol group, that aids in the formation of hydrogen bonds inside and between the participating strands, can improve the double helix's heat stability, but also interferes with cation-mediated aggrega- tion, lowering gel strength [103] . Due to its unique and adaptable at- tributes, gellan gum is employed commercially in a variety of food applications. Water-based gels, dairy food products, drinks, confections, fruit products, and bread applications, are among the most popular [104] . Gellan gum is most commonly consumed in the manufacture of water-based gels, such as desserts and beverages. 1.1.9. Konjac glucomannan based hydrogel The main component of konjac tubers (A. rivieri), a perennial Araceae plant, is KGM. It's a heteropolysaccharide with a 1:1.6 Glc/Man ratio and the main chain is made up of 1,4-linked D -glucose (Glc) and D - mannose (Man). At the C-6 position, the acetyl groups that contribute to the KGM backbone's solubility are present every 9–19 sugar units [105] . The molecular weight of KGM can range from 200 to 2000 kDa, depending on the cultivar, origin, processing technique, and storage period [106] . KGM can create both thermally reversible and irreversible gels at various temperatures. KGM produces a gel when heated in presence of alkali, and the role of alkali is thought to be to remove the acetyl groups. The peak at 1730/cm in the FTIR absorbance spectra of KGM films, which is attributable to the acetyl group [107] , and disap- pears after alkali treatment, supports this gelation mechanism. By forming a synergetic relationship with other hydrocolloids, like carra- geenan or xanthan gum, konjac can also generate a thermally reversible A. Manzoor et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 213 (2022) 987–1006 993 gel. KGM has been shown in clinical research to improve health by reducing blood cholesterol and increasing bowel movement, glucose metabolism, and colonic ecology [105] . Additionally, combining KGM with starch has been shown to reduce blood glucose and cholesterol in mammals, as well as regulate viscosity in food systems [108] . KGM can also be utilized in low-fat and fat-free meat products to give fat replacement qualities. 1.1.10. Curdlan based hydrogel Curdlan is a natural polymer formed by microbe fermentation. Its name comes from the word “curdle,” which refers to its gelling tendency at higher temperatures. Curdlan has been approved as a food additive by US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and is a dietary fiber in Korea, Taiwan, and Japan [109] . Curdlan also has a lot of bioactivities [110] . Curdlan is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide made up of repeated glucose subunits linked by a -linkage between the glucose ring's first and third carbons. Curdlan, which is commercially accessible, has a molecular weight of almost 2,000,000 Da [102] . Curdlan has a triple- helical shape in the solid-state, as determined by 13 C NMR research. Curdlan is weakly crystalline in its natural state [111] and forms gran- ules with a donut like structure resemble to starch. Curdlan produces a heat-set gel at relatively high as well as at low temperatures, as well as during the neutralization or dialysis of curdlan's alkaline solution. The curdlan powder is insoluble in cold water due to substantial intra/intermolecular hydrogen bonding but easily solubi- lizes in alkaline solution and dimethylsulfoxide. Curdlan powder hy- drates well in hot water (mostly around 55 ◦ C), and its aqueous solution creates durable hydrogels when heated to a higher temperature (80 ◦ C–100 ◦ C). The prepared gel, which possesses the suppleness of gelatine and the hardness of agar, does not melt when heated or cooled [112,113] . 1.1.11. Plant-based hydrogels Plant polysaccharides are derived from plant cell metabolites, which can be classified into two types based on their roles in plants. Some, like cellulose, act as plant support tissues, while others, like starch, increase nutrient availability through enzymatic hydrolysis. Plant poly- saccharides, particularly cellulose and starch, are abundant on the planet. Because of their plentiful availability, biodegradability, eco- friendliness, biocompatibility, and appealing mechanical performance, plant polysaccharides have spurred substantial study on wastewater treatment in the context of the energy crisis. A few plant based poly- saccharides are discussed in Table 6 . Download 1.62 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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