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CHAPTER I. THE GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SLANGS
1.1. Definition and examples of slangs in English language
Slang is informal language that typically applies to a particular group of people. Every language has its own slang words and phrases that are constantly changing and evolving. The word slang itself came about in the 1700s and was likely used to refer to the vocabulary of the “lower” classes, specifically “disreputable” people. One suggested origin of slang proposed by linguists is the Norwegian word slengenavn, which means “nickname.”
Sometimes “new” words are just old words that have been repurposed and given a different meaning. Like history, slang tends to repeat itself. Additionally, it is constantly evolving, meaning dictionaries are updated every year to keep up with the trends.
Linguists have no simple and clear definition of slang, but agree that it is a constantly changing linguistic phenomenon present in every subculture worldwide. Some argue that slang exists because we must come up with ways to define new experiences that have surfaced with time and modernity.[8] Attempting to remedy the lack of a clear definition, however, Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered "true slang" if it meets at least two of the following criteria:
●It lowers, if temporarily, "the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing"; in other words, it is likely to be considered in those contexts a "glaring misuse of register".
●Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of people who are familiar with it and use the term.
●"It's a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greater responsibility."
●It replaces "a well-known conventional synonym." This is done primarily to avoid discomfort caused by the conventional synonym or discomfort or annoyance caused by having to elaborate further.
Michael Adams remarks that "Slang" is liminal language it is often impossible to tell, even in context, which interests and motives it serves... slang is on the edge."[9] Slang dictionaries, collecting thousands of slang entries, offer a broad, empirical window into the motivating forces behind slang.
While many forms of lexicon may be considered low-register or "sub-standard", slang remains distinct from colloquial and jargon terms because of its specific social contexts. While viewed as inappropriate in formal usage, colloquial terms are typically considered acceptable in speech across a wide range of contexts, while slang tends to be perceived as infelicitous in many common communicative situations. Jargon refers to language used by personnel in a particular field, or language used to represent specific terms within a field to those with a particular interest. Although jargon and slang can both be used to exclude non-group members from the conversation, the purpose of jargon is said to be optimizing conversation using terms that imply technical understanding. On the other hand, slang tends to emphasize social and contextual understanding[1; 78].
There some examples of slangs:
•Bae - "Before anyone else,"
•babe, or baby; is used to describe a romantic partner or good friend
•Basic - Boring, average, or unoriginal
•BF/GF - Boyfriend or girlfriend (used when texting, not in conversation)
•BFF - "Best friends forever"
•Bruh - Bro or dude (all three terms are gender-neutral)
•Cap - Fake or a lie
•CEO - To be the "CEO of" something is to excel at it
•Curve - To reject someone romantically (related to "ghosting")
•Emo - Someone who is emotional or a drama queen
•Fam - Group of friends
•Flex - To show off
•Ghosted - To end a relationship by cutting off communication
•A Karen - A disparaging way to describe a petty middle-aged woman, who is rude, especially to people who work in the service industry. (For example, saying, "What a •Karen," about someone who returns their drink at a restaurant for not having enough ice.)
•No cap - Totally true or no lie
•Noob/n00b - A person who doesn't know what they're doing or who is bad at something; in other words, a newbie
•OK, Boomer - Usually said in response to a person or idea that seems outdated
•Periodt - End of statement emphasizer. For example: “That’s the best ice cream, periodt.”
•Ship - You might "ship" two people together, as in you think they should be a couple; derived from the word relationship
•Shook - To be incredibly shocked or shaken up
•Simp - Someone who does way too much for the person they like; to have a huge crush on someone
•Spill the Tea - Asking someone to spill gossip
•Squad - Group of friends that hang out together regularly, used ironically
•Stan - An overzealous fan of a particular group or celebrity
While colloquialisms and jargon may seem like slang because they reference a particular group, they do not necessarily fit the same definition, because they do not represent a particular effort to replace the general lexicon of a standard language. Colloquialisms are considered more acceptable and more expected in standard usage than slang is, and jargon is often created to talk about aspects of a particular field that are not accounted for in the general lexicon.[12] However, this differentiation is not consistently applied by linguists; the terms "slang" and "jargon" are sometimes treated as synonymous, and the scope of "jargon" is at times extended to mean all forms of socially-restricted language. It is often difficult to differentiate slang from colloquialisms and even high-register lexicon, because slang generally becomes accepted into common vocabulary over time. Words such as "spurious" and "strenuous" were once perceived as slang, though they are now considered general, even high-register words. The literature on slang even discusses mainstream acknowledgment of a slang term as changing its status as true slang, because it has been accepted by the media and is thus no longer the special insider speech of a particular group. For example, Black American Music uses a lot of slang based on nationality and origin. The use of slang is a combinations of slurring and slurping words as a result. Nevertheless, a general test for whether a word is a slang word or not is whether it would be acceptable in an academic or legal setting, as both are arenas in which standard lexicon is considered necessary and/or whether the term has been entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, which some scholars claim changes its status as slang.
The most effective slang operates on a more sophisticated level and often tells something about the thing named, the person using the term, and the social matrix against which it is used. Pungency may increase when full understanding of the term depends on a little inside information or knowledge of a term already in use, often on the slang side itself. For example, the term Vatican roulette (for the rhythm system of birth control) would have little impact if the expression Russian roulette were not already in wide usage. Slang invades the dominant culture as it seeps out of various subcultures. Some words fall dead or lie dormant in the dominant culture for long periods. Others vividly express an idea already latent in the dominant culture and these are immediately picked up and used. Before the advent of mass media, such terms invaded the dominant culture slowly and were transmitted largely by word of mouth. Thus a term like snafu, its shocking power softened with the explanation “situation normal, all fouled up,” worked its way gradually from the military in World War II by word of mouth (because the media largely shunned it) into respectable circles. Today, however, a sportscaster, news reporter, or comedian may introduce a lively new word already used by an in-group into millions of homes simultaneously, giving it almost instant currency. For example, the term uptight was first used largely by criminal narcotic addicts to indicate the onset of withdrawal distress when drugs are denied. Later, because of intense journalistic interest in the drug scene, it became widely used in the dominant culture to mean anxiety or tension unrelated to drug use. It kept its form but changed its meaning slightly[2; 105].
Other terms may change their form or both form and meaning, like “one for the book” (anything unusual or unbelievable). Sportswriters in the U.S. borrowed this term around 1920 from the occupational language of then legal bookmakers, who lined up at racetracks in the morning (“the morning line” is still figuratively used on every sports page) to take bets on the afternoon races. Newly arrived bookmakers went to the end of the line, and any bettor requesting unusually long odds was motioned down the line with the phrase, “That’s one for the end book.” The general public dropped the “end” as meaningless, but old-time gamblers still retain it. Slang spreads through many other channels, such as popular songs, which, for the initiate, are often rich in double entendre.
When subcultures are structurally tight, little of their language leaks out. Thus the Mafia, in more than a half-century of powerful criminal activity in America, has contributed little slang. When subcultures weaken, contacts with the dominant culture multiply, diffusion occurs, and their language appears widely as slang. Criminal narcotic addicts, for example, had a tight subculture and a highly secret argot in the 1940s; now their terms are used freely by middle-class teenagers, even those with no real knowledge of drugs.