- common in all Central & Eastern European states
- rules of reform determined by social & ethnic relations: countries with native landlords and ethnical diversity among peasants (case of Poland) the least radical, countries with landlords of different nationality and native peasants the most radical (Lithuania, Czechoslovakia)
- measure of radicalism – relation of indemnity payments to land value (ca. 5% in Lithuania – full indemnization in Poland), additional issues of voluntary or obligatory partition of estates (voluntary in Poland) and maximum allowable area of landed estate
- land reform (legislated Dec. 1925) as result of compromise between Polish Peasant Party (class interests of peasantry) and ND (class interests of landlords)
- reform executed during authoritarian Piłsudski’s rule – liberal interpretation of legislation – Piłsudski’s will of cutting landlord support for ND
Great Depression in Poland - the longest-lasting in Europe (until 1935), the deepest fall of industrial production besides Germany, very sharp fall of agricultural prices while increasing output (so called hunger supply resulting from peasant’s demand for cash) – clear market failure; additional source of intensification of ethnic conlicts in the countryside
- length of crisis resulting at least partially from Polish participation in Gold Bloc (France, Italy, Belgium Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland) created on July 8,1933 as response to fiasco of London Monetary Conference – strong deflationary effect and loss of international competitiveness; end of Gold Bloc with People’s Front victory in French elections 1936
- worsening of economic situation after fall of Credit Anstalt (May 1931)
- active role of the state – share ownership of bankrupting enterprises (Bank of Domestic Economy, BGK, as main institution of such policy), increasing shares with banks with solvency problems (Bank Handlowy SA in Warsaw), new Acceptance Bank for solving problem of agricultural debts – spontaneous etatization of the economy
- Work Fund (Fundusz Pracy) – 1933, public works program for unemployed
- anti-monopolist and anti-cartel policies
- more autarkic economy due to disruption of international trade system
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