Redox Status and Aging Link in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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- Redox Status and Aging Link in Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Metallothionein-II Inhibits Lipid Peroxidation and Improves Functional Recovery after Transient Brain Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats
- Kynurenines with Neuroactive and Redox Properties: Relevance to Aging and Brain Diseases
- Amyloid Beta: Multiple Mechanisms of Toxicity and Only Some Protective Effects
- Early Onset Alzheimer’s Disease and Oxidative Stress
- Curcumin Pretreatment Induces Nrf2 and an Antioxidant Response and Prevents Hemin-Induced Toxicity in Primary Cultures of Cerebellar Granule Neurons of Rats
- Modulation of Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities by Certain Antiepileptic Drugs (Valproic Acid, Oxcarbazepine, and Topiramate): Evidence in Humans and Experimental Models
- The Role of Thyroid Hormones as Inductors of Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration
- Accelerated Aging in Major Depression: The Role of Nitro-Oxidative Stress
Redox Status and Aging Link in Neurodegenerative Diseases Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Guest Editors: Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, Sathyasaikumar V. Korrapati, and José Pedraza-Chaverrí Redox Status and Aging Link in Neurodegenerative Diseases Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Redox Status and Aging Link in Neurodegenerative Diseases Guest Editors: Ver´onica P´erez de la Cruz, Sathyasaikumar V. Korrapati, and Jos´e Pedraza-Chaverr Copyright © 2014 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “ Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity .” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Mohammad Abdollahi, Iran Antonio Ayala, Spain Peter Backx, Canada Consuelo Borrs, Spain Elisa Cabiscol, Spain Vittorio Calabrese, Italy Shao-Yu Chen, USA Zhao Zhong Chong, USA Felipe Dal-Pizzol, Brazil Ozcan Erel, Turkey Ersin Fadillioglu, Turkey Qingping Feng, Canada Swaran J. S. Flora, India Janusz Gebicki, Australia Husam Ghanim, USA Daniela Giustarini, Italy Hunjoo Ha, Republic of Korea Giles E. Hardingham, UK Michael R. Hoane, USA Vladimir Jakovljevic, Serbia Raouf A. Khalil, USA Neelam Khaper, Canada Mike Kingsley, UK Eugene A. Kiyatkin, USA Ron Kohen, Israel Jean-Claude Lavoie, Canada Christopher Horst Lillig, Germany Kenneth Maiese, USA Bruno Meloni, Australia Luisa Minghetti, Italy Ryuichi Morishita, Japan Donatella Pietraforte, Italy Aurel Popa-Wagner, Germany Jos´e L. Quiles, Spain Pranela Rameshwar, USA Sidhartha D. Ray, USA Francisco Javier Romero, Spain Gabriele Saretzki, UK Honglian Shi, USA Cinzia Signorini, Italy Richard Siow, UK Oren Tirosh, Israel Madia Trujillo, Uruguay Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar, USA Victor M. Victor, Spain Michal Wozniak, Poland Sho-ichi Yamagishi, Japan Liang-Jun Yan, USA Jing Yi, China Guillermo Zalba, Spain Contents Redox Status and Aging Link in Neurodegenerative Diseases , Ver´onica P´erez de la Cruz, Sathyasaikumar V. Korrapati, and Jos´e Pedraza-Chaverr´ı Volume 2014, Article ID 270291, 2 pages Thioredoxin System Regulation in the Central Nervous System: Experimental Models and Clinical Evidence , Daniela Silva-Adaya, Mar´ıa E. Gonsebatt, and Jorge Guevara Volume 2014, Article ID 590808, 13 pages Metallothionein-II Inhibits Lipid Peroxidation and Improves Functional Recovery after Transient Brain Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats , Araceli Diaz-Ruiz, Patricia Vacio-Adame, Antonio Monroy-Noyola, Marisela M´endez-Armenta, Alma Ortiz-Plata, Sergio Montes, and Camilo Rios Volume 2014, Article ID 436429, 7 pages Kynurenines with Neuroactive and Redox Properties: Relevance to Aging and Brain Diseases , Jazmin Reyes Ocampo, Rafael Lugo Huitr´on, Dinora Gonz´alez-Esquivel, Perla Ugalde-Mu˜niz, Anabel Jim´enez-Anguiano, Benjam´ın Pineda, Jos´e Pedraza-Chaverri, Camilo R´ıos, and Ver´onica P´erez de la Cruz Volume 2014, Article ID 646909, 22 pages Amyloid Beta: Multiple Mechanisms of Toxicity and Only Some Protective Effects? , Paul Carrillo-Mora, Rogelio Luna, and Laura Col´ın-Barenque Volume 2014, Article ID 795375, 15 pages Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndrome: Cause or Consequence of Alzheimer’s Disease? , Diana Luque-Contreras, Karla Carvajal, Danira Toral-Rios, Diana Franco-Bocanegra, and Victoria Campos-Pe˜na Volume 2014, Article ID 497802, 11 pages Early Onset Alzheimer’s Disease and Oxidative Stress , Marco Antonio Meraz-R´ıos, Diana Franco-Bocanegra, Danira Toral Rios, and Victoria Campos-Pe˜na Volume 2014, Article ID 375968, 14 pages Copper and Copper Proteins in Parkinson’s Disease , Sergio Montes, Susana Rivera-Mancia, Araceli Diaz-Ruiz, Luis Tristan-Lopez, and Camilo Rios Volume 2014, Article ID 147251, 15 pages Curcumin Pretreatment Induces Nrf2 and an Antioxidant Response and Prevents Hemin-Induced Toxicity in Primary Cultures of Cerebellar Granule Neurons of Rats , Susana Gonz´alez-Reyes, Silvia Guzm´an-Beltr´an, Omar Noel Medina-Campos, and Jos´e Pedraza-Chaverri Volume 2013, Article ID 801418, 14 pages Modulation of Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities by Certain Antiepileptic Drugs (Valproic Acid, Oxcarbazepine, and Topiramate): Evidence in Humans and Experimental Models , Noem´ı C´ardenas-Rodr´ıguez, Elvia Coballase-Urrutia, Liliana Rivera-Espinosa, Arantxa Romero-Toledo, Aristides III Sampieri, Daniel Ortega-Cuellar, Hortencia Montesinos-Correa, Esa´u Floriano-S´anchez, and Liliana Carmona-Aparicio Volume 2013, Article ID 598493, 8 pages The Role of Thyroid Hormones as Inductors of Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration , I. Villanueva, C. Alva-S´anchez, and J. Pacheco-Rosado Volume 2013, Article ID 218145, 15 pages Antioxidants Supplementation in Elderly Cardiovascular Patients , Matilde Otero-Losada, Susana Vila, F. Azzato, and Jos´e Milei Volume 2013, Article ID 408260, 5 pages Accelerated Aging in Major Depression: The Role of Nitro-Oxidative Stress , Maria Luca, Antonina Luca, and Carmela Calandra Volume 2013, Article ID 230797, 6 pages Editorial Redox Status and Aging Link in Neurodegenerative Diseases Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, 1 Sathyasaikumar V. Korrapati, 2 and José Pedraza-Chaverrí 3 1 Departamento de Neuroqu´ımica, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog´ıa y Neurocirug´ıa Manuel Velasco Su´arez, S.S.A., 14269 M´exico, DF, Mexico 2 Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21228, USA 3 Departamento de Biolog´ıa, Facultad de Qu´ımica, Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico, 04510 M´exico, DF, Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to Ver´onica P´erez de la Cruz; veped@yahoo.com.mx Received 18 February 2014; Accepted 18 February 2014; Published 20 March 2014 Copyright © 2014 Ver´onica P´erez de la Cruz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Longevity is a complex and multifactorial process in which the balance in redox state has an important role. The produc- tion of reactive oxygen/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) at low level is involved in physiological process as signal- ing molecules in various cellular and developmental pro- cesses. However, the increase in the production of these species and/or the decrease in the antioxidant capacity can lead to perturbation of the redox balance, causing oxidative/nitrosative stress which ultimately leads to cell death. The aging and neurodegenerative diseases are closely associated with the unbalance in the redox environment. This special issue contributes to the understanding of the impact of impairment in the balance of antioxidant defense and ROS/RNS generation as well as the mechanisms that are involved, which will lead to a better comprehension of several processes related to aging and neurodegeneration biology. Three review articles are focused on Alzheimer’s disease. D. Luque-Contreras et al. reviewed the role of extracellular ??????- amyloid, tau, and apoE, three main proteins associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease, in the generation of oxidative stress as well as the mitochondrial alterations induced by extracellular ??????-amyloid and its relationship with vascular damage. Moreover, P. Carrillo-Mora et al. mentioned that although there is a lot of information of the possible mechanisms that may be involved in the role of ??????-amyloid, its participation in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease is not fully understood. The authors described both toxic (exci- totoxicity, mitochondrial alterations, synaptic dysfunction, and altered calcium homeostasis) and some neuroprotective mechanisms of ??????-amyloid in vitro and in vivo, which may contribute to the understanding of the processes in which this protein is present and lead to the design of future therapeutic interventions. Additionally, M. A. Meraz-R´ıos and coworkers provide a review of the mutations present in APP, PS1, and PS2 observed in patients with familial Alzheimer’s disease and its association with oxidative stress. M. Luca and coworkers describe the importance of nitrooxidative stress as an important factor in the aging and neurodegeneration and as a link of all these factors with major depression and also the authors correlated these factors with cell functioning, gene expression, and proteins folding. The research article by S. Gonz´alez-Reyes and coworkers shows the protective effect of curcumin against hemin- induced damage in primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. Specifically, the mechanisms by which curcumin can show its benefic properties are through Nrf2 modu- lation and the induction of antioxidant response. In the same context, the original article of M. Otero-Losada and coworkers demonstrates that an antioxidant supplementation with alpha-tocopherol, ??????-carotene, and vitamin C improved the biochemical profile associated with oxidative metabolism in elderly cardiovascular patients. These original articles represent excellent evidence in which the modulation of antioxidants response can be seen as a fertile line to explore both experimental and clinical studies in which the oxidative stress is an important factor. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2014, Article ID 270291, 2 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/270291 2 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Also the review of N. C´ardenas-Rodriguez and cowork- ers describes how the antiepileptic drugs as valproic acid, oxcarbazepine, and topiramate modulate antioxidant status by modifying the activity of antioxidant enzymes both in human and animals models and these effects can be also independent of their principal mechanism of action. D. Silva-Adaya and coworkers introduced for us an interesting review that focuses on thioredoxin system (thiore- doxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH) expression into the central nervous system. The authors also described the conditions that modulate the thioredoxin system in both animal models and the postmortem brains of human patients associated with the most common neurodegenerative disor- ders, in which this system could play an important role. On the other hand, J. R. Ocampo and coworkers discuss the redox properties of kynurenine pathway metabolites which have been involved in many brain diseases and aging. They also describe the effect of these kynurenines under different conditions since the environment can modify their activity. Additionally, the authors reviewed the changes in the levels of these metabolites during the age and some brain disorders; the review also takes the evidence in the literature and explains the possible impact that these kynurenines levels alteration can have on the NAD + production. In the review article of S. Montes and coworkers was summarized updated information regarding copper and copper proteins in Parkinson’s disease. Some evidences have revealed that transition metals play important roles in the setup and development of neurodegenerative diseases; cop- per is a special case, since its physiological actions influence other metals, such as iron. The specific reports regarding Parkinson’s disease (and experimental models) and copper- related proteins, ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase, and metallothionein, are reviewed in detail. The participation of copper transporters and the relationship of this transition metal and Parkinson’s disease-related proteins such as alpha synuclein are also reviewed. Evidence suggests that antiox- idant function of copper proteins could be an interesting experimental strategy to test neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease. The original article by A. Diaz-Ruiz and coworkers shows the metallothionein-II capability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and to improve functional recovery after transient brain ischemia and reperfusion in an experimental model in rats using biochemical, functional, and histological evaluations. Their results suggest that MT-II may be a neuroprotective treatment to prevent tissue damage after cerebral ischemia. Thyroid hormones are related to oxidative stress not only by their stimulation of metabolism but also by their effects on antioxidant mechanisms. I. Villanueva and coworkers analyzed the participation of thyroid hormones on ROS production and oxidative stress and the way the changes in thyroid status in aging are involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Together all the papers of this special issue provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved during the process of aging and brain diseases, which could be potential therapeutic targets in the future. Acknowledgment We thank all the authors and the referees for their remarkable contribution that made this special issue possible. Ver´onica P´erez de la Cruz Sathyasaikumar V. Korrapati Jos´e Pedraza-Chaverr´ı Review Article Thioredoxin System Regulation in the Central Nervous System: Experimental Models and Clinical Evidence Daniela Silva-Adaya, 1 María E. Gonsebatt, 2 and Jorge Guevara 3 1 Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog´ıa y Neurocirug´ıa, 14269 M´exico City, DF, Mexico 2 Departamento de Medicina Gen´omica y Toxicolog´ıa Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom´edicas, Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico, 04510 M´exico City, DF, Mexico 3 Departamento de Bioqu´ımica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico, 04510 M´exico City, DF, Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to Daniela Silva-Adaya; dan04siad@hotmail.com Received 11 October 2013; Revised 21 January 2014; Accepted 23 January 2014; Published 27 February 2014 Academic Editor: Sathyasaikumar V. Korrapati Copyright © 2014 Daniela Silva-Adaya et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The reactive oxygen species produced continuously during oxidative metabolism are generated at very high rates in the brain. Therefore, defending against oxidative stress is an essential task within the brain. An important cellular system against oxidative stress is the thioredoxin system (TS). TS is composed of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH. This review focuses on the evidence gathered in recent investigations into the central nervous system, specifically the different brain regions in which the TS is expressed. Furthermore, we address the conditions that modulate the thioredoxin system in both, animal models and the postmortem brains of human patients associated with the most common neurodegenerative disorders, in which the thioredoxin system could play an important part. 1. Introduction The thioredoxin system (TS) consists of an electron donor and two types of antioxidant oxidoreductase proteins: thiore- doxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and NADPH as the electron donor. Trx was first identified as a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase in Escherichia coli [ 1 ]. Trx is a small 12 kD protein that has an active conserved site, Cys-Pro-Gly-Cys, which is essential for its function as both an active oxidoreductase and an electron donor of some peroxiredoxins that are important molecules for the reduction of peroxides [ 2 ]. Trx is also a regulator of cellular functions in response to redox signals and stress, modu- lating various signaling pathways, transcription factors, and immunological responses [ 3 ]. Trx is an important regulator of redox balance in the cell and has been implicated as playing a role in cell survival in many conditions including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases [ 4 ]. Human cells contain 3 different thioredoxins [ 5 ]. Trx1 has been reported as cytoplasmic, Trx2 as a mitochondrial form, and a third variant highly expressed in spermatozoa. Trx1 has been located in several cell compartments such as the nucleus and the plasma membrane or as a secreted protein [ 6 , 7 ]. Posttranslational modifications to cysteine on Trx1 appear critical to its localization and function in different cell types [ 7 ]. Organelles such as the mitochondrion and nucleus require Trx to preserve a local reducing environment to minimize damage from ROS leakage during mitochondrial respiration [ 8 ]. In the nucleus the activation of transcription factor requires the presence of reduced Trx [ 9 ]. Cytosolic Trx1 is important in the control of growth and apoptosis and during chronic inflammation; likewise Trx1 is also secreted as a cocytokine and for chemokine activities [ 5 ]. TrxR is a homodimer, first described in bovine tissue by Holmgren and Luthman in 1978 [ 10 ], which catalyzes the reduction of the disulfide at the Trx active site, using NADPH with one FAD cofactor per subunit and a selenocysteine active site [ 5 , 8 ]. There are three distinct genes in mammals that encode three different TrxRs: the cytosolic TrxR (TrxR1), mitochondrial TrxR (TrxR2), and thioredoxin-glutaredoxin Hindawi Publishing Corporation Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2014, Article ID 590808, 13 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/590808 2 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity reductase (TGR o TrxR3). TrxR1 and TrxR2 are expressed in all mammalian cells and tissues, while TrxR3 is expressed in the testicles [ 11 ]. Besides Trx, TrxR can directly reduce the number of other substrates, such as peroxides (including lipid hydroper- oxides), hydrogen peroxide [ 12 , 13 ], and protein disulfide isomerases, which participate in the posttranslational folding and processing of cellular proteins [ 14 ]. TrxR also participates in the regeneration of some antioxidant molecules with antioxidant activity such as dehydroascorbate [ 15 , 16 ], lipoic acid [ 17 ], and ubiquinone [ 18 ]. The brain is more susceptible to oxidative damage com- pared with other organs, due to several factors that promote the formation of reactive species: high oxygen consumption, high iron levels found in some brain regions, and high fat content of unsaturated fatty acids, accompanied by low levels and low activities of some antioxidant enzymes such as super- oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) [ 19 ]. Both Trx and TrxR are widely expressed in tissues and organs; their distribution seems to be tissue and cell specific [ 20 ], including the brain tissue in which Trx and TrxR are found. This review discusses the expression of the TS in different brain regions and cells and the participation of the TS in neurotoxic insults and the variety of neurodegenerative disorders where oxidative stress plays a key role. 2. Protein or mRNA Expression of Trx \newline and TrxR in the Nervous System The identification and localization of Trx and TrxR in the different brain regions have been made possible mostly through the use of immunochemistry techniques using mon- oclonal and polyclonal antibodies and by in situ hybridization techniques. Differentiation between the different isoforms is not always mentioned in the reports ( Table 1 ). However, Trx, probably Trx1, due to its cytoplasmic localization, has been detected in the human brain and that of several mammal species including the rat, gerbil, cow (a yearling calf, more precisely), and mouse [ 10 , 21 – 24 ]. Trx and TrxR were first identified in the sciatic nerve of the rat, in which both proteins showed strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in the Schwann cells at the Ranvier nodes and neuronal cells [ 20 , 21 ]. Studies in rats demonstrate high levels of Trx mRNA in regions with high energy demands and high activity that involves redox reactive metabolites including the substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus. According to the authors, this suggests that the TS participates in the maintenance of the redox homeostasis in these regions. At the same time, the C1 area of the hippocampal formation shows very small expression in contrast to CA2/CA3 and the dental gyrus of the hippocampus. These are regions in contact with peripheral blood such as the choroid plexus which expresses a significant quantity of Trx mRNA [ 25 ]. Godoy et al. (2011) reported immunoreactivity to Trx1 in the Purkinje cell layer of the rat, as well as the motor neurons of the spinal cord, ependymal cell layer, and the cells of the choroid plexus. In contrast with Trx1, TrxR1 was abundantly expressed in the glial cells of the cerebellar white matter. Trx2 (mitochondrial Trx) was detected in the axonal fibers of the cerebral cortex, striatum, cerebellar white matter, and spinal cord, while Download 4.74 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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