Referat Student Ayapbergenov Q. A

Muhammad Al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiya Universiteti Nukus filiali

Referat

1. 
   Student
   
2. 
   Ayapbergenov Q.A
   

Operating system
1.Generation comuters 2. Operating systema 3. What does in do? 4. What kindS are there?

First Generation computers [1945 -1955} In the mids 1940 s enormous machines capable of performing numerical calculations were created. The machine consisted of vacuum tubes and plugboards,and programming was done purely in machine cade .Programming languages were unherdof during the early part of the period , and each machine was speciflcally assembled to carry out a particular calculation. These early computers had no need for an operating sestem and were operated directly from the operators console by a computer programmer who had immediate knowledge of the computers desing. By the early 1950s punched cards were introduced allowing programs to be written and read directly from the card, instead of using plo gboards. . Seconds Generation Computers [1955-1965] In these mid 1950s the transistor was introduced creating a more reliable computer.Computers were used primarily for scientific and engineering calculations and were programmed mainly in FORTRAN and assembly language . . As computers became more reliable they also became more business orientated, although they were still very large and expensive .Because of the expenditure, the productiveness of the system had to be magnified as to ensure cost effectiveness. Job scheduling and the hiring of computer operators ensured that the computer was used effectively and crucial time not wastedj.

Operating Systems .An operating system is the program that manages all the application programs in a computer system. This also includes managing the input and output devices , and assigning system resources.
Operating system evolved as the solution to the problems that were evident in early computer systems, and coincide with the changing computer systems.,Three cyclesbare clear in the evolution of computers , the mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomouters , and each of thesebbstages influncrd the development of operating systems.
New , advances in software and hardware technologies have resulted in an increased demand for more sophisticated and powerful operating systems, eith each new generation able to handle and perform more complex tasks , The following report examines the development of operating systems , and how the changing technology shaped the evolution of operating systems.
More recently , operating systems have started to pop up in smaller computers as well. If you like to tinker with electronic devices , you are probably pleased that operating systems can now be found on many of the devices we use every day. from cell phones to wireless access pontis The computers used in these little devices have gotten so powerful that they can now actually run an oprating systems and applications. The computer in a typical modern cell phone is new powerful more than a desktop computer from 20 yers ago . so this progression makes sense and is a natural development , In any device that has an operating systems, thers uselly a way to mke changes to how the device works ,this is far from a happy accident;one of portable cade they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device.
What does It Do?
At the simplest level , an operating system does two things;
It manges the hardware and softwore resources of the systems . In a desktop computer , these resources include such things as the processor , memory, disk space, etc. [on a cell phone , they inchude the keypad, the screen , the network connection].
Itprovides a stable. Consistent way for applications to deal with the hardware without having to know all the details of the hardware.
The first task. Managing the hardware and software resouress is very important , as various programs and input methods computer for the attention of the central processing unit [CPU]and bandwidth for their own purposes .In this copacity, the operating system plays the role of the good parent, making system plays the relo of the good parent, making sure that each application gets the necessary resoursces. While playing nicely with all the other applications ,as well as husbanding the limited capsacity of the system to the greatest good of all the users and applications .
The second task, providing a consistent applications
ople use on their desktointerface, is especially important if there is to be more than one of a particular type of computer using the operating systems, or if the hardware making up the computer is ever open to change. A consistent application program interface [API]allows a software developer to write application one computer on and have a high level of confidence that it will run on another computer of the same type , even if the amount of memory or the quantity of storage is ifferent on the two machines.
What Kinds Are There? Within the broad family of operating systems there are generally four types, categorized based on the types of computers they control and the sort of applications they support. The broad categories are; Real-time operating system [RTOS]-Real-time operating systems are used to control machinery,scientific instruments and industrial systrems. An RTOS typically has very little user- interface capability , and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a sealed box when delivered for use. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the resources of the computer so the same amount of time every time it occurs.In a complex machine , having a part move more quickly just because system resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at having it not move at all because the system is busy.
Single-user,single task –As the name implies,this operating system is designed to manage the computer so example of a modern singleuser, singl-task operating system.
Single-user multi- tasking - This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today Microsofts, Windows and Apples MacOS platforms are both examples of operating systems that will lit a single user have severwal programs in operation at the same time .For example, its entirely possible for a Windows user to be writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing the text of e-mail massage.