Relativity: The Special and General Theory
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Einstein Relativity
THE EXPERIMENT OF FIZEAU
47 then by some of the best experimental physicists, so that there can be no doubt about its result. The experiment is concerned with the following question. Light travels in a motionless liquid with a particular velocity w. How quickly does it travel in the direction of the arrow in the tube T (see the accompanying diagram, Fig. 3) when the liquid above mentioned is flowing through the tube with a velocity v? In accordance with the principle of relativity we shall certainly have to take for granted that the propagation of light always takes place with the same velocity w with respect to the liquid, whether the latter is in motion with reference to other bodies or not. The velocity of light relative to the liquid and the velocity of the latter relative to the tube are thus known, and we require the velocity of light relative to the tube. It is clear that we have the problem of Section VI again before us. The tube plays the part of the railway embankment or of the co-ordinate system K, the liquid plays the part of the carriage or of the co-ordinate system K', and finally, the light plays the part of the man walking along the carriage, or of the moving point in the present 48 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY section. If we denote the velocity of the light relative to the tube by W, then this is given by the equation (A) or (B), according as the Galilei transformation or the Lorentz transformation corresponds to the facts. Experiment 1 decides in favour of equation (B) derived from the theory of relativity, and the agreement is, indeed, very exact. According to recent and most excellent measurements by Zeeman, the influence of the velocity of flow v on the propagation of light is represented by formula (B) to within one per cent. Nevertheless we must now draw attention to the fact that a theory of this phenomenon was given by H. A. Lorentz long before the statement of the theory of relativity. This theory was of a purely electrodynamical nature, and was obtained by the use of particular hypotheses as to the electromagnetic structure of matter. This circum- stance, however, does not in the least diminish the conclusiveness of the experiment as a crucial test in favour of the theory of relativity, for the 1 Fizeau found ) ( 2 1 1 n v w W − + = , where w c n = is the index of refraction of the liquid. On the other hand, owing to the small- ness of 2 c vw as compared with 1, we can replace (B) in the first place by ) ( ) ( 2 1 c vw v w W − + = , or to the same order of approximation by ) ( 2 1 1 n v w − + , which agrees with Fizeau’s result. |
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