Renal embryology
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Step 1 Express 2022-Renal
EMBRYOLOGY 1. ARPKD, obstructive uropathy (eg, posterior urethral valves), bilateral renal agenesis, and chronic placental insufficiency. 2. Turner syndrome; trisomies 13, 18, 21. 3. Ureteric bud fails to develop and induce differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme. 4. Posterior urethral valves. ANATOMY 5. Because the left kidney has a longer renal vein. 6. Under. (Remember: Water [ureters] flows under the bridge [uterine artery or vas deferens].") PHYSIOLOGY 7. 60% of body weight is made up of total body water, 40% is made up of intracellular fluid, and 20% is made up of extracellular fluid. 8. Size. 9. Podocyte foot processes. 10. Renal clearance of X = the urine concentration of X times the urine flow rate, divided by the plasma concentration of X [C x = (U x V)/P x ]. 11. Secretion. 12. Overestimates; secreted. (The plasma concentration of creatinine is slightly lower than it would be from filtration alone.) 13. Renal blood flow = renal plasma flow divided by (1 – the hematocrit), or RBF = RPF/(1 – Hct). 14. Prostaglandins cause dilation of the afferent arteriole and an increase in the GFR. Answers page 12 Step 1 Express 2022 workbook: RENAL © First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2022 edition 15. Angiotensin II causes constriction of the efferent arteriole and an increase in the GFR. 16. No change; increase; increase. 17. Decrease; decrease; no change. 18. Excretion rate = V × U x ; where V is the urine flow rate and U x is the urine concentration of X. 19. Glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) by a Na+/glucose cotransport. 20. ~375 mg/dL. 21. Hydrogen ions. 22. Sodium, potassium, and chloride. 23. Magnesium and calcium. 24. PTH. 25. Collecting tubule. 26. Insertion of aquaporin water channels on the apical side of the collecting tubules. 27. Reabsorption. 28. Increase. (Chloride reabsorption occurs at a slower rate in the early PCT causing an initial rise in the TF/P ratio relative to other ions.) 29. Vasoconstriction; aldosterone release and aldosterone-mediated stimulation of sodium resorption in the proximal tubule; release of ADH from the posterior pituitary; and simulation of thirst via the hypothalamus. 30. Pulmonary endothelium. 31. Serum osmolarity; ECF volume; low; blood volume. 32. Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex increases sodium channel and sodium/potassium pump insertion in principal cells and enhances potassium and hydrogen excretion by upregulating channels in the principal cells and hydrogen ion channels in the intercalated cells. These actions create a favorable gradient for sodium and water reabsorption. 33. Renin. Step 1 Express 2022 workbook: RENAL page 13 © First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2022 edition 34. Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. 35. Erythropoietin. 36. 1α-Hydroxylase, which converts 25-OH vitamin D 3 to 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D 3 (calcitriol, active form). 37. increased; increase. 38. Download 170.08 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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