Renal embryology
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Step 1 Express 2022-Renal
Effect
Shifts K + Into Cell →Hypokalemia Shifts K + Out of Cell → Hyperkalemia Acidosis √ Alkalosis √ β-adrenergic agonists √ β-blocker √ Lysis of cells √ Digitalis √ Hyperosmolarity √ Hypo-osmolarity √ Insulin √ High Blood Sugar (insulin deficiency) √ 39. Insulin increases activity of the Na + /K + ATPase pump. This increases the amount of K + pumped into the cell in exchange for Na + , thus leaving less K + outside the cell. 40. Decreased serum bicarbonate. 41. Hyperventilation, which causes P CO 2 to decrease. 42. Methanol (formic acid), Uremia, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Propylene glycol, Iron tablets or INH, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol (oxalic acid), and Salicylates (late). Remember: MUDPILES. PATHOLOGY 43. Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. 44. Azotemia ( BUN and creatine), oliguria, hypertension, hematuria, RBC casts in urine, and HTN proteinuria often in the subnephrotic range (< 3.5 g/day). 45. Massive proteinuria (> 3.5 g/day), with hypoalbuminemia, edema, and frothy urine with fatty casts. page 14 Step 1 Express 2022 workbook: RENAL © First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2022 edition 46. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. 47. A-3, B-4, C-5, D-2, E-1, F-6. 48. PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA; MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA. 49. Nephrotic or nephritic syndrome. 50. A-1, B-4, C-3, D-5, E-2. 51. Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis. 52. Nonenzymatic glycation of tissue proteins, leading to an increased GFR and thus mesangial expansion. 53. Calcium in the form of calcium oxalate. 54. Oxalate crystals. 55. The patient’s leukemia (a disease with high cell turnover) can result in hyperuricemia, so he is at risk for developing uric acid stones, which are radiolucent and do not appear on x-ray studies, but are visible on CT and ultrasound. 56. A-10, B-5, C-7, D-9, E-3, F-8, G-4, H-2, I-1, J-6. 57. Prerenal azotemia (eg, hypotension and reduced renal blood flow), intrinsic renal failure (eg, tubular necrosis), and postrenal azotemia (outflow obstruction). 58. False; bilateral (not unilateral) postrenal outflow obstruction leads to acute renal failure. 59. Postrenal. 60. Prerenal. 61. Download 170.08 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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