Renal embryology
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Step 1 Express 2022-Renal
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Step 1 Express 2022 workbook: RENAL page 1 © First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2022 edition Renal EMBRYOLOGY 1. What are the four causes of Potter sequence? (p 602) __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which genetic diseases are associated with horseshoe kidney? (p 603) _____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. What error in development occurs that results in unilateral renal agenesis? (p 603) ____________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male infants? (p 603) _________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ANATOMY 5. Why is the left kidney harvested for transplantation rather than the right? (p 604) ______________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Ureters pass ______________ (over/under) the uterine artery or the vas deferens. (p 605) PHYSIOLOGY 7. What is the 60-40-20 rule of total body weight? (p 605) __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Questions page 2 Step 1 Express 2022 workbook: RENAL © First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2022 edition 8. The fenestrated capillary endothelium of the glomerular filtration barrier is responsible for the filtration of plasma by which characteristic: size or charge? (p 605) _________________________ 9. The epithelial layer of the glomerular filtration barrier is formed by which cells? (p 605) _________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 10. What is the formula for calculating the clearance of substance X, the volume of plasma from which the substance is completely cleared per unit of time? (p 606) _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 11. If renal clearance is greater than the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of substance X, then there is a net tubular ____________ (reabsorption/secretion) of substance X. (p 606) 12. Creatinine clearance slightly ____________ (overestimates/underestimates) the GFR rate because creatinine is ____________ (secreted/reabsorbed) by the renal tubules. (p 606) 13. What is the formula for estimating renal blood flow if renal plasma flow is known? (p 606) _____________________________________________________________________________ 14. What are the effects of prostaglandins on the glomerulus? (p 607) _________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 15. What are the effects of angiotensin II on the glomerulus? (p 607) __________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 16. Decreased plasma protein concentration causes ____________ (decrease/increase/no change) in renal plasma flow and ____________ (decrease/increase/no change) in GFR, which results in ____________ (decrease/increase/no change) in the filtration fraction. (p 607) 17. Constriction of the afferent arteriole causes ____________ (decrease/increase/no change) in renal plasma flow and ____________ (decrease/increase/no change) in GFR, which results in ____________ (decrease/increase/no change) in the filtration fraction. (p 607) Step 1 Express 2022 workbook: RENAL page 3 © First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2022 edition 18. What is the formula for excretion rate? (p 608) _________________________________________ 19. In the nephron, glucose at normal plasma concentrations is reabsorbed in which structure? And by which transporter? (p 608) _________________________________________________________ 20. At what plasma glucose concentration is the transport mechanism of the proximal tubule completely saturated, leading to glucose spilling into the urine? (p 608) _______________________________ 21. What ion is secreted into the lumen of the early proximal convoluted tubule and can complex with bicarbonate for reabsorption? (p 609) ________________________________________________ 22. Which three ions are actively reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle? (p 609) _________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 23. Which two ions are indirectly reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle? (p 609) _________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 24. Which hormone controls the reabsorption of calcium in the early distal convoluted tubule? (p 609) ______________________________________________________________________________ 25. On which segment of the nephron does the hormone aldosterone act? (p 609) _______________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 26. ADH’s effect at V 2 receptors results in what action? (p 609) _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 27. The ratio of solute concentration in the tubular fluid versus plasma (TF/P) can indicate the level of secretion or reabsorption of that solute along the proximal convoluted tubule. If the TF/P ratio of that solute is less than that of inulin, there is net ____________ (reabsorption/secretion) along the proximal tubule. (p 611) 28. Along the length of the proximal convoluted tubule, does the relative concentration of chloride increase, decrease, or stay the same? (p 611) _________________________________________ page 4 Step 1 Express 2022 workbook: RENAL © First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2022 edition 29. Which actions of angiotensin II serve to increase intravascular volume and/or blood pressure? (p 612) ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 30. Where is angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) primarily located? (p 612) ___________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 31. ADH primarily regulates __________ __________ (serum osmolarity/blood volume), whereas aldosterone primarily regulates __________ __________ (serum osmolarity/ECF volume). In __________ (low/high) volume states, both ADH and aldosterone act to protect __________ __________ (serum osmolarity/blood volume). (p 612) 32. What are the effects of aldosterone secretion? (p 612) __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 33. When blood pressure falls, the kidneys compensate by releasing which enzyme? (p 613) ______________________________________________________________________________ 34. Which cells in the kidney secrete renin? (p 612) _______________________________________ 35. Which hormone is released by the interstitial cells of renal peritubular capillaries in response to hypoxia? (p 613) ________________________________________________________________ 36. Which enzyme from the kidney is activated by PTH, and what is the function of that enzyme? (p 614) __________________________________________________________________________ 37. Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted in response to ______________ (decreased/increased) atrial pressure and causes the GFR to ______________ (decrease/increase). (p 614) Step 1 Express 2022 workbook: RENAL page 5 © First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2022 edition 38. In the chart below, check the effect that each condition has on the potassium shift. (p 614) Download 170.08 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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