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Finally, the last stage in the social movement life cycle is decline,
or “institutionalization.” Decline does not necessarily mean fail-
ure for social movements though. Instead, Miller (1999) argues,
there are four ways in which social movements can decline:
Repression,
•
Co-optation,
Success, and
Failure,
Others have added establishment with mainstream as another
way in which they decline (Macionis, 2001).
Essay by Jonathan Christiansen, M.A.
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