Review of the linguistic literature on the problems of Phrase Theory in Modern Linguistics

2.0. Chapter II. Structural patterns of the phrase structure used in K. Macleod’s “The Wrock and Rune”
2.1. Essential notions and procedures of the contextual analysis used in linguistics

Contextual method was worked out by Ch. Fries, Z. Harries, R. Lado and P. Roberts¹ in the forties of the XX century in American Distributive linguistics. The founders of which were the famous linguistics like Ch. Fries, L. Bloomfield and E. Sapir. The essence of this method is in the fact language unit of the different sorts, like words grammatical forms phrases bothfree and bound and sentences are analysed in the complex of their distrubutions, that is in their cooccurence in different positions. For example, if it is a grammatical form, like a passive form or a participle form, then the linguistic has to analyse the structural model of the sentence, where this grammatical form is used also combinability of the form analysed. In this case the linguistics and the other characteristics of the components of the structure. There are 3 types of distrubutions².

1. 
   complementary distribution eg: ending -ed, [id, d, t].
   
2. 
   free distribution e.g: Tom’s book -> The book of Tom.
   
3. 
   Contrast distribution e.g.: -er, -ing: He is worker. He is working.
   

This types of distribution help the linguistic to analyse the positions where this or that language unit is met (or used).
Statistical method is used in linguistics to analyse the quantitative aspect of language usage. Here the frequency of occurrence (f) and probability of occurrence (p) of a language unit (n) is analysed.
There are two tables of distributional analysis:

1. 
   It is aimed an analysing the mutual position of language units.
   
2. 
   It analysis the mutual relationship between them.
   

The procedure of the distributional analysis includes the following steps or operations:

1. 
   determination of language units.
   
2. 
   Segmentation of language units.
   
3. 
   Analysing the type of distribution.¹
   

Essential notions, stages and procedures of the ditributional statistic method applied in the present qualification paper are as the following.²

1. 
   First of all the total number of the words used in the book chosen as the material for the paper (-m) is calculated. For example, the total number of the words used in Th. Dreiser’s “Sister Carrie” is 122248 words.
   
2. 
   The total number of the linguistic phenomenon chosen as the object of investigation (n) is computed.
   
3. 
   Having determined those two numbers, that is m and n, will calculated the frequency of usage of the phenomenon in a certain book – (f).
   

The special formula –f =n/m is used for this purpose.

4. 
   After that the probablity of the usage (p) of the phenomenon is calculated P = n 1000. The special formula shows that the phenomenon is determined as one used among 1000 words.
   
5. 
   The data received are given in the qualification paper in the form of special dables.
   
6. 
   All the digital information is analysed in the work and the statemenrs made here are illustrated with the examples taken from the book chosen as a material.
   
7. 
   The results of the analysis are supplied with corresponding conclusions in the corresponding chapters and paragraphs of the qualification paper.
   

The number of the examples illustrating the linguistic phenomenon should be sufficient enough to have objective results and conclusions.

This distributional-statistics method was worked out by Anatoliy Yanovich Shaikevich in his famous article and the statistical aspects of language study were worked out by V. M. Golovin, I.V.Arnold, N.A. Nosenko and some other authors.