Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program: a qualitative Analysis of a Troubled Corporate Initiative
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Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program A
Normative Research and Theory
Because this research seeks to develop a grounded theory of how and why a major 13 outsourcing project unfolded as it did within one corporation, it falls within a branch of outsourcing studies concerned with “diffusion” models. These models consider how new ideas or innovations spread through a given organization or field. Originally published in 1962, the central work on diffusion theory—now in its fifth edition—is Everett Rogers’s The Diffusion of Innovations (2003). Rogers defines an innovation as “an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or another unit of adoption” (p. xxi). Diffusion of innovations, then, is the “process in which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time and the members of a social system” (p. 5). The diffusion literature spans several domains, including marketing consumer products (Peres, Muller, & Mahajan, 2010), business process adoption (Ehigie & McAndrew, 2005), and the spread of technology (Diamond, 1996). The intersection of innovation-diffusion research and outsourcing first occurred with the Loh and Venkatraman (1992) study of the 1987 Kodak-IBM outsourcing agreement. It depicted this “Kodak effect” as the pivotal event accelerating the diffusion of outsourcing as a legitimate business strategy. The researchers were also the first to consider ITO as an administrative “innovation” due to the significant changes ITO introduces to organizations’ relationships with external firms and internal processes. The key research issue Loh and Venkatraman (1992) sought to examine concerned the sources of influence for firms to adopt large outsourcing initiatives. The researchers performed a review of major newspapers between 1988 and 1990 to identify 60 outsourcing decisions by public and private U.S. institutions. Focusing primarily on the communication channel aspect of Rogers’s (2003) diffusion framework (i.e., innovations, communication channels, time, and social systems) Loh and Venkatraman (1992) sought to determine the influence of internal, external, and mixed communication channels on these outsourcing decisions. Their findings suggest that internal 14 factors influence outsourcing significantly more than external factors. Additionally, they indicated that internal influences became stronger over time following Kodak’s successful strategy. The significance of the Loh and Venkatraman’s (1992) study is the implication that outsourcing decisions made by competitor or peer firms are a stronger influence on potential adopters than mass media messages or vendor persuasion. Specifically, they suggest ITO adopter behavior represents what DiMaggio and Powell (1983) term “institutional isomorphism” in the ITO supply and demand market. Thus, firms employ ITO strategies because other firms do and attempt to mimic those companies perceived as most successful. Strategy imitation can be a stronger influence on adopter behavior than alternative points of view. Most of the dominant ITO literature reviews (Dibbern et al., 2004; Gonzalas et al., 2005; Blaskovich & Mintchik, 2011) support Loh and Venkatraman’s (1992) conclusion that the Kodak and IBM agreement served as a legitimizing and isomorphic event (i.e., the Kodak effect) on the acceptability of large outsourcing partnerships. However, Hu, Saunders, and Gebelt (1997) dispute Loh and Venkatraman’s (1992) conclusions regarding the influence of peer firms over the influence of vendors and the media. They also note Loh and Venkatraman (1992) actually used external media sources to gather their data rather than potential outsourcing adopters. According to Hu et al. (1997), all ITO communication channels combined (i.e., peers, vendors, and media) represent a stronger influence on ITO decisions than just the decisions of other firms. Download 1.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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