Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program: a qualitative Analysis of a Troubled Corporate Initiative
Rise and fall of an information technology outsourcing program
Download 1.05 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program A
Rise and fall of an information technology outsourcing program:
A qualitative analysis of a troubled corporate initiative ABSTRACT Information technology outsourcing (ITO) is a common business practice and a widely studied topic in academic literature. However, far less attention is paid to the implications and social dynamics of executives’ pursuit of personal career achievement through the implementation of ITO programs. Focused mainly on gaining organizational power for career advancement and accomplishment, executives can create unintended consequences for their employees, their suppliers, their company, their shareholders, and their own careers. This research focused on a large information technology outsourcing program from its inception to early implementation at a single Fortune 1000 firm. The time span covered was just over five years, which included the two years prior and more than three years of the initiative’s lifespan. The data for this study included fifty-two interviews conducted with employees and executives over eighteen months as well as my personal observations and field notes. The uniqueness of this study compared to other published research stems from my dual role as both researcher and executive at the firm throughout this work. The data informed a grounded theory of how and why the ITO initiative unfolded as it did, while giving equal voice to the employees and executives involved. The central theoretical premises of this analysis relied on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, capital, and fields in conjunction with Bruce Lincoln’s taxonomies and anomalies within social structures. The study’s analysis was further informed by Brown and Duguid’s infocentrism, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgy, impression management, and moral career, along with Thomas Kuhn’s paradigms within the structure of scientific revolutions, Jackall’s bureaucratic ethic and Harvey’s Abilene Paradox. Analysis of the data identified the organization’s habitus as a collection of visible and shadow social practices, mental models, and organizational rules for accumulating power. The habitus shaped employees’ and executives’ behaviors toward each other and toward their ITO provider. As this study ended, the ITO initiative was in its fourth year, significantly delayed, and its chances of success doubtful. 1 INTRODUCTION This study represents a grounded theory case study of a large Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) project. Part of its uniqueness stems from my role as an insider in the development and execution of the strategy within “Icarus,” the pseudonym used throughout this study for the multinational retailer where my study occurred. The project, known internally as the Strategic Staffing Program (SSP), spanned three years from inception to early implementation. SSP’s scope was the outsourcing all of Icarus’s Supply Chain software development work to a single service provider, “ComTech” (pseudonym). The data collection for this research concluded during SSP’s much-extended early implementation phase, with its success and long-term viability in serious question. Retailing in the first decade of the twenty-first century experienced significant digital disruption. The increasingly frictionless ecosystem of high-speed Internet access, smart devices, information transparency, personalization, and flexible delivery options put more power in consumers’ hands than ever before. Traditional brick-and-mortar firms, scrambling to differentiate themselves from the likes of Amazon, faced significant risks as a result. Most were fighting to catch up, stay current, or just remain relevant. The underlying question at the time was, “what does staying current or relevant look like?” I posit that nobody really knew. This in and of itself is not meant to be a critical judgment against executives at traditional retailers in the early twenty-first century. The critique is saved for how leaders at Icarus made decisions about what to do next, and how they responded to unintended consequences when those decisions turned out to be bad ones. During this research, none of us really knew how to address the digital disruption facing Icarus. Generally speaking, IT leaders believed they needed to modernize their “legacy,” largely 2 home-grown, twenty-first century systems to adapt them to the digital age. Executives braced for a digital tsunami of work that would require additional capital investments and IT workers. At the time, Icarus executives were not allowing the IT department to add employees. Therefore, executives viewed outsourcing as the answer that would provide the additional labor needed to build their next-generation IT systems. The global economic instability of the years leading up to and during this study pressured firms to reduce operating expenses—including IT. However, rapid technological changes such as social media, mobile computing, and smart devices placed a competing demand on companies to hire and manage labor with increasingly diverse technology skills. The demand for outsourcing service providers to build deeper industry domain skills grew and changed the nature of ITO contracts. Forrester suggested the number of “time & material” or “staff augmentation” contracts for software development in the U.S. would decrease from 85% in 2010 to 58% by 2015 and be replaced with outcome-based, managed service agreements (McCarthy, Green, Matzke, & Lisserman, 2011). Unlike staff augmentation agreements that contract for specific skills to augment internal IT teams, managed service agreements can include outsourcing entire columns of the IT organization (such as distribution, marketing, or human resources), providing end-to- end software development services as well as specialized services such as labs for mobility technology innovations (McCarthy et al., 2011). The past twenty years of ITO research highlighted economic and strategic motivations for outsourcing (i.e. what and why organizations outsource). Today, technology and market uncertainty are driving corporations to innovate their ITO practices, particularly in software development, i.e. engineering and computer programming functions (McCarthy et. al., 2011). Therefore, there is now a need to recognize the political and sociological factors at play within 3 organizations and their influence on how organizations diffuse or execute outsourcing strategies (Blaskovich & Mintchik, 2011). Additionally, Gonzalez, Gasco, and Llopis (2005) highlighted the growing importance of qualitative methods in ITO studies. The scarcity of grounded theory case studies similar to Beverakis, Dick, and Kecmanovic (2009) suggests that opportunities exist to both address this gap in the ITO literature and take up challenges such as those raised by Tatnall and Gilding (1999), McMaster (2001), Lunblad, (2003), and McMaster and Wastell (2005) to the predominant quantitative-based ITO diffusion studies. I began my IT career nearly twenty years ago as a computer programmer and later held roles as a business analyst, project manager, and first-line manager in a number of IT functions. My current role as an IT executive responsible for overseeing vendor negotiations and governance provided a unique vantage point for this research. My insider status as an executive directly involved in the ITO project studied, combined with my cumulative career experiences, provided a rich and rare context for conducting this research. In addition to gathering substantial interview data for eighteen months, I observed—and was part of—several organizational dynamics that unfolded during this research. These corporate undercurrents included Icarus’s culture, power structure, and changes in the broader macro- economic environment that affected the outsourcing program. Throughout the study I followed executives who wrestled with each other for control of SSP, employees who struggled to adapt to the new and changing realities of IT work, and vendors who grappled with Icarus’s culture and the general impression that within it their own employees were considered little more than faceless cogs in a giant software factory. Given my role as a vendor management executive at Icarus, it should be noted that I did not directly interview any employees from ComTech or other vendors for this study in order to avoid any conflicts of interest. However, their voices and 4 experiences are partially represented and shared via Icarus employees interviewed in this research. The significance of this research is threefold. First, my career arc from engineer to executive provides a broad and reflective perspective to relate to the diverse cast of actors included in the study. This research does not side with or advocate for executives’ interests versus employees’. Rather, my aim has been to give voice to all stakeholders in a cohesive narrative. Secondly, this study departs from the broader, deterministic approaches of ITO research in favor of responding to the call for case studies exploring the specific ways in which outsourcing strategies unfold. Finally, my status as both researcher and executive-insider is singular in Information Technology Outsourcing literature. My professional career started with an engineering internship and a stack of self-study computer programming manuals. Today my team impacts nearly one billion dollars of annual spending with vendors. In some ways, my experiences as a doctoral student have taken me full circle to where I started my career—alone at my desk with a stack of books trying to solve a new puzzle. Instead of trying to solve a programming problem, the focus of this research is unraveling a social puzzle. My resolve at the start of this work was to acknowledge and honor all perspectives while representing events that unfolded accurately and respectfully. This commitment did make me feel like a double agent at times during the research. I was trying to support the SSP initiative’s success during my day job while simultaneously immersed in research critiquing executives’ behaviors, their self-representation, and the IT department’s culture. The most difficult part was learning to observe, reflect, and discern what was happening within Icarus with the critical eye of an outsider. This was difficult on more days than it was not. My insider status provided 5 wonderful access to rich data. My closeness to the work also made it difficult to detach myself from the Icarus habitus. I had to make a conscious and deliberate effort to think and write independently, unfettered by Icarus’s cultural symbols, mental models, and discourse. Now after over two years of work, I have come to view the research process and this manuscript not as the work of a double agent, but as an intense exercise in reflective leadership. 6 CHAPTER ONE A BRIEF HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OUTSOURCING Download 1.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling