Main article: Political divisions of Russia
According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects.[j] In 1993, when the new constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed, but some were later merged. The federal subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly.[255] They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.[256] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects.[257] Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president.[258]
Federal subjects
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Governance
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46 oblasts
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The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.[259]
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22 republics
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Each is nominally autonomous—home to a specific ethnic minority, and has its own constitution, language, and legislature, but is represented by the federal government in international affairs.[260]
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9 krais
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For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.[261]
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4 autonomous okrugs
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Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.[262]
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3 federal cities
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Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as Sevastopol in Russian-occupied Ukraine).[263]
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1 autonomous oblast
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The only autonomous oblast is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[264]
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