Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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for training. One example of this was the journalist selection of 1991. Single cosmonauts were selected from the design teams or organisations of Paton Institute, the Khrunichev Rocket Design Bureau, Zvezda, and the Russian Rocket Forces. None of them were deemed to constitute a full group, but they were included in a general classification of cosmonauts. 336 Appendix 1 ± Biographies of Key Personnel Appendix 2 ± Current Deployment of the Russian Cosmonaut Team (updated to July 2005) This is the current deployment of the Russian team, as at July 2005. ISS Expedition Crews MKS 11 ± In space Sergey Krikalev (RKK Energiya) and John Phillips (NASA) They were due to be joined by Reiter (ESA-Germany), launching on STS-121 and returning on TMA 8, but as the Shuttle will be further delayed, he is likely to join expedition 12. MKS 12 ± due October 2005 Prime: William McArthur (NASA) and Valeriy Tokarev (Air Force), with Greg Olsen (Tourist) Back-up: Jeffrey Williams (NASA) and Aleksandr Lazutkin (RKK Energiya), with Sergey Kostenko (Space Adventures Russian Tourist) It was also planned for Sunita Williams (NASA) to join this crew on a Shuttle flight. Her back-up is Clayton Anderson (NASA) MKS 13 ± due April 2006 Prime: Pavel Vinogradov (RKK Energiya), Dmitriy Kondratyev (Air Force) and Daniel Tani (NASA) Back-up: Fyodor Yurchikhin (RKK Energiya), Oleg Kotov (Air Force) and John Grunsfeld (NASA) MKS 14 ± due October 2006 Prime: Jeffrey Williams (NASA) and Aleksandr Lazutkin (RKK Energiya) Back-up: Michael Lopez-Alegria (NASA) and Mikhail Tyurin (RKK Energiya) Garrett Reisman (NASA) is in training as an increment crew member. MKS 15 ± due April 2007 Prime: Peggy Whitson (NASA), Fyodor Yurchikhin (RKK Energiya) and Oleg Kotov (Air Force) No back-up crew confirmed ISS Pool assigned for training purposes only RKK Energiya: Aleksandr Kaleri, Oleg Kononenko and Mikhail Korniyenko Russian Air Force: Yuri Lonchakov, Roman Romanenko, Sergey Volkov, and Maksim Surayev NASA: Sandra Magnus, Greg Chamitoff, Michael Barrett, Tim Kopra, Bob Behnken and Nicole Stott ESA:
Leopold Eyharts, Frank De Winne and Andre Kuipers CSA:
Bob Thirsk JAXA:
Koichi Wakata Training Groups `MKS Group 1' Yuri Lonchakov, Viktor Afanasyev, Yuri Baturin, Yuri Malenchenko, Sergey Treshchev, Gennadiy Padalka and Konstantin Kozeyev `MKS Group 2' Aleksandr Skvortsov, Maksim Surayev, Roman Romanenko and Sergey Volkov `MKS Group 3' Sergey Revin, Sergey Moshchenko, Mikhail Korniyenko, Oleg Kononenko, Oleg Skripochka and Yuri Shargin The candidate group passed their examinations in late June 2005 and became available for training assignment in July 2005 Candidate Group Russian Air Force: Aleksandr Samokutyayev, Anton Shklaperov, Anatoliy Iva- nishin and Yevgeniy Tarelkin RKK Energiya: Mark Serov, Andrey Borisenko and Oleg Artemyev IMBP: Sergey Ryazanskiy RosKosmos: Sergey Zhukov Kazakhstan: Aydyn Aimbetov and Mukhtar Aymakhanov Cosmonauts not currently occupied with mission preparation Salizhan Sharipov is currently undergoing a course of rehabilitation after prolonged space flight Konstantin Valkov has been the representative of RGNII TsPK at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, since September 2004 Aleksandr Kaleri and Mikhail Tyurin are working in the division of cosmonauts at RKK Energiya Boris Morukov is working at IMBP Thus, as at 31 July 2005, there are 38 cosmonauts in training in Russia. ESA, CSA and JAXA are preparing a series of three-month flights to ISS to support their modules. They assume that all the flights will be on Soyuz 338 Appendix 2 ± Current Deployment of the Russian Cosmonaut Team Group E (Europe) E1 Leopold Eyharts (prime) and Frank De Winne (back-up). Thomas Reiter's mission does not support any European development and is not included in the sequence. E2 De Winne (prime). The back-up role is not yet announced but is likely to be Christer Fuglesang in recognition of his bad luck with Space Shuttle missions. Andre Kuipers is currently filling this role as well as backing-up Bob Thirsk E3 Fuglesang or Kuipers (prime) Group C (Canada) C1 Bob Thirsk (prime) Kuipers (back-up) in return for Thisk backing-up Roberto Vittori. Canada is supported by ESA astronauts Group J (Japan) J1 Koichi Wakata (prime) with no back-up currently named Appendix 2 ± Current Deployment of the Russian Cosmonaut Team 339 Appendix 3 ± The Volga Stratospheric Balloon programme During the 1930s, the Soviet Union pursued an active programme of research by balloon to support both military (strategic) and civilian (scientific) studies of the stratosphere. This research also had practical applications for the creation of pressure garments, life support systems, and the launch, tracking and recovery systems that would help to pioneer manned space flight three decades later in the Vostok and Voskhod programme. These studies were suspended in the 1940s as the Great Patriotic War (World War II) engulfed the Eastern Front and plunged the Soviets into a war with Nazi Germany. Following the war significant information, material, hardware and personnel was acquired by the Soviet authorities, which helped support their own development of ballistic missiles and, ultimately, the quest for space. The development of the Cold War between the US and USSR gave rise to the strategic build up of military might and the scientific and technical expertise to apply this powerful resource to the exploration of space. One programme that seems to have been linked to early human space exploration research and support was the development of a new manned stratospheric balloon programme `Object SS' which became known as Volga in the West. It could also have been connected directly to the training (or at least in the support of training) of Soviet cosmonauts, or for evaluating techniques for future space flights that were then incorporated into the cosmonaut training programme. In response to high-altitude US reconnaissance balloon flights over Soviet territory, which were flying too high to be shot down, design bureau OKB-424 was created on 24 December 1956, essentially from the 13th Laboratory of the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI), and with Mikhail Gudkov as its first General Designer. Assigned to the development of Soviet high-altitude balloons for both military and scientific studies, the bureau was spread over three locations until, in 1959, all its facilities were centralised in Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow. On 30 April 1966, it was renamed DKBA (Soviet acronym for Dolgoprudnyi Design Bureau of Automatics) and continued to work on atmospheric balloon research and development, including the `Saturn' balloon for high-altitude studies during the 1960s.
It appears that the Object SS programme was created to support development of high-altitude aircraft and the first manned Soviet spacecraft ± Vostok. Work began on development of the gondola in 1958 and unmanned test flights commenced in 1959. The chief designer was Gennadiy F. Chekalin. There seems to have been a series (at least 5±6, maybe as many as 10) gondolas constructed for ground tests, unmanned flights and manned flights. The flights were dispatched from a launch site near the Volga River, and hence the `public' name `Volga' for the one known flight which tragically ended in the death of one of the aeronauts. The most widely known flight of Object SS occurred on 1 November 1962, to a height of 25,448 metres. The crew of `Volga' were to test recent developments in pressure garments and parachute rescue systems. Pilot Pyotr Dolgov was to test high-altitude pressure suit `SI-3M', which was a prototype of future space suits, and a special parachute system of his own design. Second crewman Yevgeniy Andreyev was to test emergency escape from the gondola and an analogue of a space capsule, and investigate the possibility of free-fall in the thin layers of the upper atmosphere, in the serial production suit `KKO-3'. Andreyev left the gondola first and landed safely but Dolgov's pressure visor was accidentally cracked on exit causing his death as a result of depressurisation of the helmet and suit. A `Volga' type capsule is on display at the Monino Air Force Museum near Moscow and displays the number 5 on the gondola, indicating that there were at least four others. Apparently, it was planned that the remaining articles could have been used for further record breaking altitude flights but following the death of Dolgov, a government commission cancelled the programme. It seems probable that at least part of the `Volga' programme was associated with the early Soviet man in space programme, Vostok, possibly testing systems and hardware at high-altitude including the cosmonaut ejection and landing system. Whether any cosmonauts were involved in this programme is unclear as full details of the programme are difficult to find. The back-up crew of the November 1962 ascent are known. They were Ivan Kasmyshev and Vasiliy Lazarev, who was a medical doctor and Air Force pilot and was later selected for cosmonaut training. It is clear that parachute training was, and continues to be, an integral element of cosmonaut training and perhaps the Volga series was planned to be part of that training. Lazarev's biography, issued when he flew into space (1973), states that he completed a 28-hour balloon duration mission (not a parachute descent mission), but details of this event are unclear. Volga crew members had to be very highly qualified parachutists and probably Air Force pilots. Several merited test pilots and parachutists of the Soviet Union have been identified in this period, creating records, training cosmonauts or testing Air Force equipment, although direct links to the Volga balloon programme are not so clear. They include: . Valeriy Golovin who tested the Vostok ejection system and parachute descent hardware wearing a Vostok pressure garment . Valentin Danikovich, who worked with Andreyev and supported the development of airlock exit and entry techniques for the 1965 Voskhod 2 EVA by Leonov . Menya Nebovokrug, a famous tester of parachutes . G. Kondrashev, the first Soviet to test an ejector seat . Nikolay Gladkov, an Air Force tester 342 Appendix 3 ± The Volga Stratospheric Balloon programme . Nikolay Nikitin, who set a freefall record on 20 August 1957. He later became the parachute instructor for the 1960 First Air Force cosmonaut (Gagarin group) selection and held this post until his death in 1963 Photos of these and many other Air Force testers evaluating space systems or cosmonaut training equipment gave rise to rumours in the West of `phantom cosmonauts' and cosmonauts lost in space, since they never made spaceflights and were not heard of for years ± and in some cases, not at all. Though they were not official cosmonauts, their role in system and procedures evaluations paved the way for developing effective and efficient cosmonaut training systems and procedures that have continued for almost half a century, a testament to their courage and devotion to duty. One of the stratospheric gondolas produced for the Volga programme (designated gondola 5) on permanent display at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino, Moscow Raion. (Courtesy Bert Vis) Appendix 3 ± The Volga Stratospheric Balloon programme 343 Appendix 4 ± Soviet/Russian International Manned Space
Flights La unch Mission Sta
tion Po s. Prim e C ountry Ba ck-Up C ountry
La nding
Dura tion
R eturn
Date Designation Visit ed
n Crew
of citizenship C rew
of citizenship date (D
C raft
MM :SS
) Key:
C DR ± Commander; CR ± Cosmo naut
Researc her;
FE ± Flight En gineer;
M S ± M ission
Sp ecialist
(US Shuttle)
; SFP
± Spac
eflight Part
icipant; (F)
± Fema
le 1978
Mar 2 Soyuz 28 Saly
ut 6 CDR Guba rev
So viet
Union Rukav
ishn ikov
So viet
Union 1978
Mar 10 007:2 2:16: 00 So yuz 28 CR Remek C zechoslovakia Pelchak C zechoslovakia 1978 Mar
10 007:2
2:16: 00 So yuz 28 1978 Jun 29 Soyuz 30 Saly
ut 6 CDR Klimuk So viet Union Ku basov So viet
Union 1978
Jul 5 007:2 2:02: 59 So yuz 30 CR Hermaszew ski
Polan d Jan kowsk i Polan d 1978
Jul 5 007:2 2:02: 59 So yuz 30 1978 Aug 26 Soyuz 31 Saly
ut 6 CDR By kovskiy
So viet
Union Go rbatko So viet
Union 1978
Sep 3 007:2 0:49: 04 So yuz 29 CR Ja Èhn
GDR Ko Èllner GDR 1978
Sep 3 007:2 0:49: 04 So yuz 29 1979 Apr 10 Soyuz 33 Saly
ut 6 CDR Rukav ishnik
ov So viet Union Rom
anenko Y So viet Union
1979 Apr
12 001:2
3:01: 06 So yuz 33 Failed to dock
CR Ivan
ov Bu lgaria Alek sandrov
AP Bu lgaria 1979 Apr
12 001:2
3:01: 06 So yuz 33 with station 1980
May 26 Soyuz 36 Saly
ut 6 CDR Kuba sov
So viet
Union Dz hanibek ov So viet Union 1980
Jun 3 007:2 0:45: 44 So yuz 35 CR Fa rkas
Hu ngary
M agyari
Hu ngary
1980 Jun
3 007:2
0:45: 44 So yuz 35 1980 Jul 23 Soyuz 37 Saly
ut 6 CDR Gorb atko
So viet
Union By kovski y So viet Union 1980
Jul 31 007:2 0:42: 00 So yuz 36 CR Pham Tuan
V ietnam
Lie m V ietnam 1980
Jul 31 007:2 0:42: 00 So yuz 36 1980 Sep 18 Soyuz 38 Saly
ut 6 CDR Roman enko
Y So viet Union Kh runov So viet
Union 1980
Sep 28 007:2 0:43: 24 So yuz 38 CR Ta mayo
C uba
Lope z Falcon C uba
1980 Sep
28 007:2
0:43: 24 So yuz 38 Men dez 1981
Mar 22 Soyuz 39 Saly
ut 6 CDR Dzha nibeko
v So viet Union Ly akho v So viet Union 1981
Mar 30 007:2 0:42: 03 So yuz 39 CR Gurag chaa
M ongoli
a Ganz
orig M ongolia 1981 Mar
30 007:2
0:42: 03 So yuz 39 1981 May 14 Soyuz 40 Saly
ut 6 CDR Pop ov So viet Union
Rom anenko
So viet
Union 1981
May 22 007:2 0:41: 52 So yuz 40 CR Prun ariu
Rom ania
De diu
Rom ania
1981 May
22 007:2
0:41: 52 So yuz 40
Launc h Mission Stati on Pos. Prime Country
Back -Up
Country Landing
Dura tion
Return Date
Des ignatio
n Visited
Flow n Crew of citizensh ip Crew
of citizensh ip date
(DDD:HH : Craft MM :SS)
1982 Jun
24 So yuz T 6 Salyut 7 CDR
Dzha nibeko
v Sovie
t Un ion Kizim Sovie
t Un ion 1982 Jul
2 007:2
1:50: 53 Soyu z T 6 FE Ivanch
enkov Sovie
t Un ion Solov yov
V Sovie
t Un ion 1982 Jul
2 007:2
1:50: 53 Soyu z T 6 CR Chre
Âtien Fra
nce Baud
ry Franc
e 1982
Jul 2 007:2 1:50: 53 Soyu z T 6 1984 Apr
3 So yuz T 11 Salyut 7 CDR
Malysh ev Sovie t Un ion Berez ovoy
Sovie t Un ion 1984
Apr 11 007:2 1:40: 06 Soyu z T 11 FE Streka
lov Sovie
t Un ion Grech ko Sovie t Un ion 1984 Apr
11 007:2
1:40: 06 Soyu z T 11 CR Sharm
a India
Malh otra
India 1984
Apr 11 007:2 1:40: 06 Soyu z T 11 1987 Jul
22 So yuz TM 3 Mir CDR Viktorenko Sovie t
ion Solov
yov A Sovie t Un ion 1987 Jul
22 007:2
3:04: 55 Soyu z TM 3 FE Aleksandro v A
t Un ion Savi nykh
Sovie t Un ion Transfe
rred as a resid ent
cre wmember
CR Faris
Syr ia Habib Syr ia 1987 Jul 22 007:2 3:04: 55 Soyu z TM 3 Download 3.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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