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CRoPPING INTENSITy IN FULL CoNTRoL IRRIGATIoN SCHEMES
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CRoPPING INTENSITy IN FULL CoNTRoL IRRIGATIoN SCHEMES Cropping intensity, another indicator of the use of equipped areas, is calculated based on the area of harvested irrigated crops over the part of the area equipped for full control irrigation and actually irrigated. The calculation only refers to irrigated crops. This means that in a country with one or two wet seasons only irrigated crops are considered. Crops grown on the full control equipped area during the wet season without irrigation (but using residual soil humidity) are not included in the irrigated crop area when calculating cropping intensity. The calculation of cropping intensity therefore is straightforward for dry countries because irrigation is indispensable for the growing of crops in all seasons. However, the calculation is more problematic for countries with both a dry and wet season, during which the crops use the soil moisture provided by precipitation. On these areas the irrigated cropping intensity is 100 percent, while the harvested area is double. National cropping intensity on actually irrigated areas in full control irrigation schemes ranges from 100 percent in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan to 115 percent in Afghanistan (Table 15). Tajikistan and Turkmenistan account for 108 percent and 101 percent respectively. On average, the region has a cropping intensity of harvested irrigated areas over actually irrigated areas in full control irrigation areas of 103 percent. IRRIGATED CRoPS IN FULL CoNTRoL IRRIGATIoN SCHEMES Cropping patterns have changed extensively since the Central Asian countries became independent. Cotton is still one of the most important crops, although between 1990 and 1998 its share of irrigated agriculture decreased from 45 to 25 percent. In the same period, the area under cereals (wheat, rice, maize and others) increased from 12 to more than 50 percent. Wheat became the dominant crop in the region. Fodder crops occupied less than 20 percent of the total irrigated area in 1998, compared to 28 percent in 1990 (CAWaterInfo, 2011). Irrigation 55 Table 16 shows the national distribution of harvested irrigated crop areas. Even though, in many countries, no distinction is made for statistics for irrigated and rainfed crops, an effort has been made in this survey to provide the most accurate data for irrigated crops. Cereals represent 49 percent of all harvested irrigated crop areas in the region. Wheat alone represents about 39 percent, ranging from 18 percent in Kazakhstan to 60 percent in Afghanistan. Cotton is the second most widespread harvested irrigated crop, accounting for 23 percent on average. Mainly cultivated in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, cotton represents 38, 33 and 32 percent of total harvested irrigated cropped area respectively. Fodder accounts for 11 percent of the irrigated crops in the region, of which temporary fodder occupies 4 percent, permanent grass and fodder 2 percent and permanent meadows and pastures 5 percent. Vegetables represent 3 percent, with special importance in Kazakhstan (15 percent). Potatoes account for 2 percent of the total irrigated cropped area, with special importance in Kyrgyzstan (7 percent), Kazakhstan (5 percent) and Tajikistan (4 percent). TABLE 16 A Harvested irrigated crops on areas equipped for full control irrigation actually irrigated (in hectares) Crop Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Central Asia year 2011 2010 2005 2009 2006 2005 Wheat 1 303 000 208 000 360 700 179 742 917 000 1 295 000 4 263 442 Barley 116 000 92 000 86 600 18 017 - - 312 617 Maize 183 000 95 600 61 500 14 743 - - 354 843 Rice 208 000 94 000 5 000 14 126 11 000 52 000 384 126 Other cereals - - 1 600 7 225 - - 8 825 Vegetables incl. 69 000 182 600 40 600 37 162 29 400 - 358 762 roots and tubers Potatoes and sweet 15 000 60 000 76 000 29 901 8 800 - 189 701 potatoes Pulses 27 000 - 20 800 4 667 - - 52 467 Oil crops* 20 000 40 000 59 200 3 493 - - 122 693 Cotton 33 000 134 200 45 500 237 130 652 000 1 406 000 2 507 830 Sugarcane and 4 000 8 720 14 500 - 12 000 - 39 220 sugar beet** Temporary fodder - - 35 800 8 323 93 000 300 000 437 123 Permanent grass - 26 000 73 400 34 043 - 100 000 233 443 and fodder Other temporary - 6 430 33 300 886 100 100 247 000 387 716 crops*** Other permanent 198 000 54 000 - 98 957 65 000 200 000 615 957 crops**** Permanent - 180 550 106 900 40 868 125 500 100 000 553 818 meadows, pastures Total 2 176 000 1 182 100 1 021 400 729 283 2 013 800 3 700 000 10 822 583 Area actually 1 896 000 1 182 100 1 021 400 674 416 1 990 800 3 700 000 10 464 716 irrigated Cropping intensity 115 100 100 108 101 100 103 in % * of which in Afghanistan 10 000 ha sesame and 10 ha sunflower, in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan all sunflower ** of which in Afghanistan 2 000 ha sugarcane and 2 000 ha sugar beet, in all other countries only sugar beet *** of which 1 600 ha tobacco in Kazakhstan and 5 600 ha tobacco in Kyrgyzstan **** of which 61 000 ha grapes in Afghanistan 56 Irrigation in Central Asia in figures - AQUASTAT Survey - 2012 TABLE 16 B Harvested irrigated crops on areas equipped for full control irrigation actually irrigated (in percentages) Crop Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Central Asia year 2011 2010 2005 2009 2006 2005 Wheat 59.9 17.6 35.3 24.6 45.5 35.0 39.4 Barley 5.3 7.8 8.5 2.5 - - 2.9 Maize 8.4 8.1 6.0 2.0 - - 3.3 Rice 9.6 8.0 0.5 1.9 0.5 1.4 3.5 Other cereals - - 0.2 1.0 - - 0.1 Vegetables incl. 3.2 15.4 4.0 5.1 1.5 - 3.3 roots and tubers Potatoes and sweet 0.7 5.1 7.4 4.1 0.4 - 1.8 potatoes Pulses 1.2 - 2.0 0.6 - - 0.5 Oil crops 0.9 3.4 5.8 0.5 - - 1.1 Cotton 1.5 11.4 4.5 32.5 32.4 38.0 23.2 Sugarcane and 0.2 0.7 1.4 - 0.6 - 0.4 sugar beet Temporary fodder - - 3.5 1.1 4.6 8.1 4.0 Permanent grass - 2.2 7.2 4.7 - 2.7 2.2 and fodder Other temporary - 0.5 3.3 0.1 5.0 6.7 3.6 crops Other permanent 9.1 4.6 - 13.6 3.2 5.4 5.7 crops Permanent - 15.3 10.5 5.6 6.2 2.7 5.1 meadows, pastures Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 57 Trends In 2001 the population of the Central Asia region was 79 million, or 1.3 percent of the world’s population. Ten years later, in 2011, it was 94 million, still 1.3 percent of the world’s population. Population density rose from 17 to 20 inhabitants/km 2 . The population growth rate over the last ten years has been 1.7 percent/year, a decrease from the 2.1 percent/year for 1991–2001. TREND IN WATER WITHDRAWAL by SECToR By sector the proportions of water withdrawal have changed only slightly: agricultural water withdrawal has decreased from 93 to 89 percent, while municipal withdrawal has increased from 3 to 5 percent and industrial withdrawal from 5 percent to 7 percent. The total volume of water withdrawal has decreased by 11 percent over the last ten years (Table 17). Agriculture withdraws the most water, around 90 percent of the total, and the decrease is entirely the result of reduced agricultural water withdrawal (–15 percent), while both municipal water withdrawal and industrial water withdrawal increased by 52 percent and 23 percent respectively. Between the two survey dates, annual withdrawal per inhabitant fell by 307 m 3 . This is because of an increase in total population and a decrease in total water withdrawal in the region from 164 km 3 to 145 km 3 . Turkmenistan is the only country in the region where annual water withdrawal per inhabitant has increased, from 5 723 m 3 to 5 952 m 3 . Looking at the municipal sector, water withdrawal per capita has increased from 58 m 3 /year, or 159 litres/day, to 75 m 3 /year, or 205 litres/day. This situation varies between countries: in TABLE 17 Trend in water withdrawal by sector Annual water withdrawal by sector Country year Agriculture Municipal Industry Total million m 3 % of total million m 3 % of total million m 3 % of total million m 3 % of region m 3 per inhab Afghanistan 1987 25 849 99.0 261 1.0 0 0.0 26 110 16.0 1 702 1998 20 000 98.2 203 1.0 170 0.8 20 373 14.1 937 Kazakhstan 1993 27 413 81.0 583 2.0 5 678 17.0 33 674 20.6 2 002 2010 14 002 66.2 878 4.2 6 263 29.6 21 143 14.6 1 319 Kyrgyzstan 1994 9 496 94.0 301 3.0 289 3.0 10 086 6.2 2 257 2006 7 447 93.0 224 2.8 336 4.2 8 007 5.5 1 575 Tajikistan 1994 10 961 92.0 412 3.0 501 4.0 11 874 7.3 2 001 2006 10 441 90.8 647 5.6 408 3.5 11 496 7.9 1 762 Turkmenistan 1994 23 291 98.0 349 1.0 139 1.0 23 779 14.5 5 723 2004 26 364 94.3 755 2.7 839 3.0 27 958 19.3 5 952 Uzbekistan 1994 54 366 94.0 2 582 4.0 1 103 2.0 58 051 35.5 2 501 2005 50 400 90.0 4 100 7.3 1 500 2.7 56 000 38.6 2 158 Central Asia 1999 151 376 93.0 4 488 3.0 7 710 5.0 163 574 100.0 2 118 2009 128 654 88.7 6 807 4.7 9 516 6.6 144 977 100.0 1 811 Change -22 722 -15% 2 319 52% 1 806 23% -18 597 -11% 58 Irrigation in Central Asia in figures - AQUASTAT Survey - 2012 Kazakhstan municipal water withdrawal has increased from 36 to 55 m 3 /year, in Tajikistan from 72 to 99 m 3 /ha, in Turkmenistan from 85 m 3 /year to 161 m 3 /year and in Uzbekistan from 115 to 158 m 3 /year while in Afghanistan it has decreased from 21 to 9 m 3 /year and in Kyrgyzstan from 66 to 44 m 3 /year. In agriculture, the annual water withdrawal per hectare of area equipped for irrigation seems to have decreased from 12 000 to 10 000 m 3 . These data should be used with caution, since the reason for this is not clear. It may be the result of computation methods, data quality, changed cropping pattern or improved irrigation techniques. TREND IN WATER WITHDRAWAL by SoURCE For Central Asia as a whole, annual freshwater withdrawal has decreased from 141 to 136 km 3 , which represents a decrease of 4 percent, but with great variation between countries (Table 18). Direct use of treated wastewater has increased from 0.274 to 0.530 km 3 , representing an increase of 93 percent. Direct use of agricultural drainage water has decreased from 28 to 8 km 3 , which represents an annual rate of decrease of 71 percent. However, the figures on direct use of agricultural drainage water should be looked at with caution, especially for Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. It is not clear whether there is a real decrease or whether the part considered as direct use in the previous survey was, in fact, secondary fresh water since it was returned to the system. Only Kazakhstan reports the use of desalinated water for domestic purposes: 1.328 km 3 in 1993 and 0.853 km 3 in 2010, a decrease of 36 percent. TREND IN AREAS UNDER IRRIGATIoN Table 19 presents the trends in the area under irrigation. For Central Asia, the decrease in the equipped area is 9 percent, which is equal to an annual rate of decrease of 0.81 percent using a weighted year index. This is calculated by allocating a weighting coefficient to the year for each country that is proportional to its area equipped for irrigation, therefore giving more importance to countries with the largest areas under irrigation. The area under full control irrigation has an annual rate of decrease of 0.63 percent, which is lower than the annual rate of decrease for total irrigation. This is explained by the fact that area under spate irrigation and TABLE 18 equipped lowlands has decreased more than Trend in primary and secondary water withdrawal Country year Total Increase million m 3 % for areas under full control irrigation. Since the previous survey, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have increased their Afghanistan 1987 26 110 - 22 equipped area, accounting for an annual rate 1998 20 373 of increase of 0.03, 0.21 and 1.11 percent Kazakhstan 1993 25 287 - 21 respectively, while Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan 2010 19 988 and Uzbekistan show a decrease of 3.14, Kyrgyzstan 1994 9 786 - 21 0.48 and 0.18 respectively, amongst others due to salinization. 2006 7 707 Tajikistan 1994 2006 8 094 11 196 38 Turkmenistan 1994 2004 18 379 27 542 50 Uzbekistan 1994 53 759 - 9 2005 49 160 Central Asia 1999 141 415 - 4 2009 135 966 TREND IN FULL CoNTRoL IRRIGATIoN TECHNIQUES Table 20 presents the trends in irrigation techniques. There is no information on irrigation techniques in this survey for Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. Thus to facilitate the regional comparison between Trends 59 TABLE 19 Trend in areas under irrigation Country year Full control irrigation Spate irrigation Equipped lowlands Total irrigation Total increase Annual increase* ha ha ha ha % % Afghanistan 1993 3 199 000 3 199 000 0.30 0.03 2002 3 208 480 3 208 480 Kazakhstan 1993 2 313 100 1 104 600 138 700 3 556 400 -41.91 -3.14 2010 1 199 600 866 300 2 065 900 Kyrgyzstan 1994 1 077 100 1 077 100 -5.17 -0.48 2005 1 021 400 1 021 400 Tajikistan 1994 719 200 719 200 3.18 0.21 2009 742 051 742 051 Turkmenistan 1994 1 744 100 1 744 100 14.14 1.11 2006 1 990 800 1 990 800 Uzbekistan 1994 4 280 510 4 280 510 -1.93 -0.18 2005 4 198 000 4 198 000 Central Asia 1999 13 333 010 1 104 600 138 700 14 576 310 -9.26 -0.81 2009 12 360 331 866 300 13 226 631 Change - 972 679 - 238 300 - 138 700 -1 349 679 * Annual increase for the region was calculated using a weighted year index. The weighted year index is calculated by allocating to the year for each country a weighing coefficient proportional to its area equipped for irrigation, therefore giving more importance to countries with the largest areas under irrigation. TABLE 20 Trend in full control irrigation techniques Country year Surface irrigation Sprinkler irrigation Localized irrigation Total Area % of total Area % of total Area % of total ha % ha % ha % ha Afghanistan 1993 3 046 088 95,22 152 912 4.78 3 199 000 2002 3 055 166 95,22 153 314 4.78 3 208 480 Kazakhstan 1993 1 763 500 76,24 549 600 23.76 2 313 100 2010 1 158 800 96,60 30 000 2.50 10 800 0.90 1 199 600 Kyrgyzstan 1994 1 040 100 96,56 37 000 3.44 1 077 100 2005 1 021 000 99,96 400 0.04 1 021 400 Tajikistan 1994 719 200 100,00 719 200 2009 742 051 100,00 742 051 Turkmenistan 1994 1 743 700 99,98 400 0.02 1 744 100 Uzbekistan 2006 1994 1 990 800 4 276 000 100,00 99,89 4 510 0.11 1 990 800 4 280 510 2005 4 193 577 99,89 4 423 0.11 4 198 000 Central Asia 1999 12 588 588 94,42 739 512 5.55 4 910 0.04 13 333 010 2009 12 161 394 98,39 183 714 1.49 15 223 0.12 12 360 331 Change - 427 194 -3% - 555 798 -75% 10 313 210% - 972 679 1999 and 2009, the same percentage has been applied to the most recent figure for full control irrigation as that of the previous survey. The area under surface irrigation, the most important technique, has decreased by 427 194 ha or 3 percent. Proportionally, in all countries for which new data are available, the percentage 60 Irrigation in Central Asia in figures - AQUASTAT Survey - 2012 of surface irrigation has increased, particularly in Kazakhstan where it has changed from 76 percent to 97 percent, even though the physical area under surface irrigation in this country has decreased from 1.8 million ha to 1.2 million ha. Sprinkler irrigation has decreased by 555 798 ha or 75 percent. The area under surface irrigation has decreased especially in Kazakhstan, followed by Kyrgyzstan. Localized irrigation, which requires less water, has increased by 10 313 ha. Most development has been achieved in Kazakhstan, which reports 10 800 ha, while no figure was provided in the previous survey. Central Asia has not yet adapted a large area for sprinkler and localized irrigation; this has even decreased over the last ten years. TREND IN oRIGIN oF WATER FoR FULL CoNTRoL IRRIGATIoN Table 21 presents the trends in the origin of water used for full control irrigation. There is no data in this present survey for Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan concerning the origin of irrigation water. To facilitate the regional comparison between 1999 and 2009, the same proportion of surface water and groundwater has been estimated as for the previous survey, even though this might not be completely correct. There are no important changes since the last survey on proportions for the origin of water. These are similar to proportions reported in the previous survey. The physical area irrigated using surface water for the whole region has decreased from 12.2 million ha to 11.4 million ha, though its proportion over the entire area under full control irrigation has increased from 91.5 to 92.6 percent. The explanation is that other sources of water have decreased proportionately. The area irrigated by groundwater has decreased from 1.1 million ha to 0.9 million ha, representing a change from 8.0 percent to 7.3 percent of the total full control equipped area. TABLE 21 Download 372.82 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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