Samarkand state institute of foreign language faculty of english language I department of english language and literature

1.1 Outlining in teaching spoken English
An outline is a precise of an motion or undertaking containing an prepared listing of steps, data, and thoughts that want to be blanketed or completed. The factors are organized hierarchically beneath near headings and subheadings. Outlining is a visible approach that improves scholar studying with the aid of using supporting college students organize, clarify, and shape data and thoughts. Teachers can use the procedure of outlining to pick out gaps in scholar understanding and educate accordingly.[6.78]
An outline, additionally known as a hierarchical outline, is a listing organized to reveal hierarchical relationships and is a kind of tree shape. An outline is used to provide the primary factors in sentences or subjects phrases of a given subject. Each object in an outline can be divided into extra sub-items. If an organizational degree in an outline is to be sub-divided, it shall have as a minimum subcategories, as counseled with the aid of using foremost fashion manuals in modern-day use. An outline can be used as a drafting device of a file, or as a precis of the content material of a file or of the understanding in a whole field. It isn't always to be stressed with the overall context of the term "outline", which a precis or assessment of a subject, offered verbally or written in prose for example, The Outline of History isn't always an outline of the kind offered below. The outlines outlined in this text are lists, and are available numerous varieties. [15.132]
A sentence outline is a device for composing a file, which includes an essay, a paper, a book, or maybe an encyclopedia. It is a listing used to arrange the records or factors to be covered, and their order of presentation, with the aid of using section. Topic outlines listing the subtopics of a subject, organized in levels, and whilst they may be used to plot a composition, they're most customarily used as a precis, which includes withinside the shape of a desk of contents or the subject listing in a university course`s syllabus.[9.157]
Outlines are similarly differentiated with the aid of using the index prefixing used, or lack thereof. Many outlines consist of a numerical or alphanumerical prefix previous every access withinside the outline, to offer a particular course for every object, to resource in regarding and discussing the entries listed. An alphanumerical outline makes use of alternating letters and numbers to pick out entries. A decimal outline makes use of simplest numbers as prefixes. An outline with out prefixes is known as a "naked outline".[14.56]
Specialized programs of outlines additionally exist. A opposite outline is a listing of sentences or subjects this is made out of an present work, as a revision device; it could display the gaps withinside the file's insurance in order that they'll be filled, and might assist in rearranging sentences or subjects to enhance the shape and waft of the work. An included outline is a composition device for writing scholastic works, wherein the sources, and the writer's notes from the sources, are included into the outline for ease of reference in the course of the writing procedure.[5.56]
Types of outlines
Outlines are differentiated by style, the inclusion of prefixes, and specialized purpose. There are also hand-written outlines (which are highly limited in utility) and digitized outlines, such as those contained within an outliner (which are much more useful).
By fashion
There are essential kinds of define: sentence outlines and subject matter outlines.
A pattern subject matter define application:
An define of human knowledge
Propedia is the historic strive of the Encyclopædia Britannica to offer a hierarchical "Outline of Knowledge" in a separate extent withinside the fifteenth version of 1974. The Outline of Knowledge changed into a mission through Mortimer Adler.[4.67] Propædia had 3 ranges, 10 "Parts" on the pinnacle stage, 41 "Divisions" on the center stage and 167 "Sections" at the lowest stage, numbered, for example, "1. Matter and Energy", "1.1 Atoms", "1.1.1. Structure and Properties of Sync”.
By prefixing used
A function blanketed in lots of outlines is prefixing. Similar to segment numbers, an define prefix is a label (normally alphanumeric or numeric) positioned at the start of an define access to help in regarding it.
Bare outlines
Bare outlines encompass no prefixes.
Alphanumeric define
An alphanumeric define consists of a prefix at the start of every subject matter as a reference aid. The prefix is withinside the shape of Roman numerals for the pinnacle stage, upper-case letters (withinside the alphabet of the language being used) for the subsequent stage, Arabic numerals for the subsequent stage, after which lowercase letters for the subsequent stage. For similarly ranges, the order is commenced over again. [19.67] Each numeral or letter is accompanied through a period, and every object is capitalized, as withinside the following pattern:
Thesis statement: E-mail and net tracking, as presently practiced, is an invasion of personnel` rights withinside the place of job.
I. The situation: Over 80% of brand new agencies display their personnel.
A. To save you fraudulent activities, theft, and different place of job associated violations.
B. To greater correctly display worker productivity.
C. To save you any felony liabilities because of harassing or offensive communications.
II. What are personnel' privateness rights in relation to digital tracking and surveillance withinside the place of job?
A. American personnel have essentially no felony safety from imply and snooping bosses.
1. There aren't anyt any federal or State legal guidelines shielding personnel.
2. Employees might also additionally assert privateness safety for his or her personal non-public effects.
B. Most managers consider that there's no proper to privateness withinside the place of job.
1. Workplace communications ought to be approximately work; something else is a misuse of enterprise gadget and enterprise time
2. Employers have a proper to save you misuse through tracking worker communications
Some name the Roman numerals "A-heads" (for "A-stage headings"), the upper-case letters, "B-heads", and so on. Some writers additionally opt to insert a clean line among the A-heads and B-heads, even as regularly maintaining the B-heads and C-heads together.[17.87]
If greater ranges of define are needed, decrease-case Roman numerals and numbers and decrease-case letters, once in a while with unmarried and double parenthesis may be used, despite the fact that the precise order isn't properly defined, and utilization varies widely.
The scheme encouraged through the MLA Handbook, and the Purdue Online Writing Lab, amongst others, makes use of the same old 5 ranges, as defined above, then repeats the Arabic numerals and decrease-case letter surrounded through parentheses (spherical brackets) – I. A. 1. a. i. (1) (a) – and does now no longer specify any decrease ranges, aleven though "(i)" is normally next. In not unusualplace exercise, decrease ranges but are normally Arabic numerals and lowercase letters again, and once in a while decrease-case Roman again, with unmarried parentheses – 1) a) i) – however utilization varies. MLA fashion is once in a while incorrectly known as APA fashion, however the APA Publication Manualdoes now no longer cope with define formatting at all.
A very unique fashion encouraged through The Chicago Manual of Stylebased at the exercise of america Congress in drafting legislation, shows the subsequent sequence, from the pinnacle to the 7th stage (the handiest ones specified): I. A. 1. a) (1) (a) i) – capital Roman numerals with a period, capital letters with a period, Arabic numerals with a period, italic lowercase letters with a unmarried parenthesis, Arabic numerals with a double parenthesis, italic lowercase letters with a double parenthesis, and italic lowercase Roman numerals with a unmarried parentheses, aleven though the italics aren't required). [11.132]Because of its use withinside the US Code and different US regulation books, many American attorneys therefore use this define layout.
Another opportunity scheme repeats all 5 ranges with a unmarried parenthesis for the second one 5 – I) A) 1) a) i) – and on the other hand with a double parenthesis for the 1/3 5 – (I) (A) (1) (a) (i).
Many oft-referred to fashion courses except the APA Publication Manual, which includes the AP Stylebook, the NYT Manual, Fowler,
The Guardian Style Guide, and Strunk & White, are interestingly silent at the subject matter.
One facet impact of using each Roman numerals and uppercase letters in all of those kinds of outlining is that during maximum alphabets, "I." can be an object at each the pinnacle (A-head) and second (B-head) ranges.[13.45] This is normally now no longer intricate due to the fact decrease stage objects are normally mentioned hierarchically. For example, the 1/3 sub-sub-object of the fourth sub-object of the second one object is object II. D. three. So, the 9th sub-object (letter-I) of the primary object Roman-I is object I. I., and handiest the pinnacle stage one is object I.
Decimal define
The decimal define layout has the benefit of displaying how each object at each stage pertains to the whole, as proven withinside the following pattern define:
Thesis statement: [2.97]
1.zero Introduction
1.1 Brief records of Liz Claiborne
1.2 Corporate environment
2.zero Career opportunities
2.1 Operations management
2.1.1 Traffic
2.1.2 International alternate and company customs
2.1.three Distribution
2.2 Product development
A first subsection can be numbered zero instead of 1 (as in 2.zero Career opportunities) if it's miles an creation or much like the subsequent subsections.
ISO 2145describes a popular for decimal outlines.
By specialised purpose
Special forms of outlines encompass opposite outlines and included outlines.
Reverse define[8.153]
A opposite define is an define crafted from an current work. Reverse outlining is like opposite engineering a document. The factors or subjects are extracted from the work, and are organized of their order of presentation, through segment, withinside the define. Once completed, the define may be stuffed in and rearranged as a plan for a brand new progressed model of the document.
Integrated define
An included outline is a beneficial step withinside the manner of organizing and writing a scholarly paper (literature review, researchpaper, thesisor dissertation). WhenMerriam-Webster's manual for writers and editors (1998, p. 290) recommends that the section headings of an article should when read in isolation, combine to form an outline of the article content. Garson (2002) distinguishes a 'standard outline', presented as a regular table of contents from a refined tree-like 'hierarchical outline', stating that "such an outline might be appropriate, for instance, when the purpose is taxonomic (placing observed phenomena into an exhaustive set of categories). ... hierarchical outlines are rare in quantitative writing, and the researcher is well advised to stick to the standard outline unless there are compelling reasons not to."
Writers of fiction and creative nonfiction such as Jon Franklin, may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of a story, sometimes in conjunction with free writing.
Preparation of an outline is an intermediate step in the process of writing a scholarly research paper, literature review, thesis\ or dissertation. A special kind of outline (integrated outline) incorporates scholarly sources into the outline before the writing begins.[15.35]