Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 April 21, 1910)

Washington Irving

Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American short-story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories "Rip Van Winkle" (1819) and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820), both of which appear in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works include biographies of Oliver Goldsmith, Muhammad and George Washington, as well as several histories of 15th-century Spain that deal with subjects such as Alhambra, Christopher Columbus and the Moors. Irving served as American ambassador to Spain in the 1840s.
Born and raised in Manhattan to a merchant family, Irving made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the Morning Chronicle, written under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. He temporarily moved to England for the family business in 1815 where he achieved fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., serialized from 1819 to 1820. He continued to publish regularly throughout his life, and he completed a five-volume biography of George Washington just eight months before his death at age 76 in Tarrytown, New York.
Irving was one of the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe, and he encouraged other American authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Herman Melville and Edgar Allan Poe. He was also admired by some British writers, including Lord Byron, Thomas Campbell, Charles Dickens, Mary Shelley, Francis Jeffrey and Walter Scott. He advocated for writing as a legitimate profession and argued for stronger laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement.

Biography[edit]

Early years[edit]

Washington Irving's parents were William Irving Sr., originally of Quholm, Shapinsay, Orkney, Scotland, and Sarah (née Saunders), originally of Falmouth, Cornwall, England. They married in 1761 while William was serving as a petty officer in the British Navy. They had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. Their first two sons died in infancy, both named William, as did their fourth child John. Their surviving children were William Jr. (1766), Ann (1770), Peter (1771), Catherine (1774), Ebenezer (1776), John Treat (1778), Sarah (1780), and Washington.^[1][2]
J
The Irving family settled in Manhattan, and were part of the city's merchant class. Washington was born on April 3, 1783,^[1] the same week that New York City residents learned of the British ceasefire which ended the American Revolution. Irving's mother named him after George Washington.^[3] Irving met his namesake at age 6 when George Washington was living in New York after his inauguration as President in 1789. The President blessed young Irving,^[4] an encounter that Irving had commemorated in a small watercolor painting which continues to hang in his home.^[5]
The Irvings lived at 131 William Street at the time of Washington's birth, but they later moved across the street to 128 William St.^[6] Several of Irving's brothers became active New York merchants; they encouraged his literary aspirations, often supporting him financially as he pursued his writing career.
Irving was an uninterested student who preferred adventure stories and drama, and he regularly sneaked out of class in the evenings to attend the theater by the time he was 14.^[7] An outbreak of yellow fever in Manhattan in 1798 prompted his family to send him upriver, where he stayed with his friend James Kirke Paulding in Tarrytown, New York. It was in Tarrytown he became familiar with the nearby town of Sleepy Hollow, New York, with its Dutch customs and local ghost stories.^[8] He made several other trips up the Hudson as a teenager, including an extended visit to Johnstown, New York where he passed through the Catskill Mountains region, the setting for "Rip Van Winkle". "Of all the scenery of the Hudson", Irving wrote, "the Kaatskill Mountains had the most witching effect on my boyish imagination".^[9]
Irving began writing letters to the New York Morning Chronicle in 1802 when he was 19, submitting commentaries on the city's social and theater scene under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. The name evoked his Federalist leanings^[10] and was the first of many pseudonyms he employed throughout his career. The letters bought Irving some early fame and moderate notoriety. Aaron Burr was a co-publisher of the Chronicle, and was impressed enough to send clippings of the Oldstyle pieces to his daughter Theodosia. Charles Brockden Brown made a trip to New York to try to recruit Oldstyle for a literary magazine he was editing in Philadelphia.^[11]
Concerned for his health, Irving's brothers financed an extended tour of Europe from 1804 to 1806. He bypassed most of the sites and locations considered essential for the social development of a young man, to the dismay of his brother William who wrote that he was pleased that his brother's health was improving, but he did not like the choice to "gallop through Italy… leaving Florence on your left and Venice on your right".^[12] Instead, Irving honed the social and conversational skills that eventually made him one of the world's most in-demand guests.^[13] "I endeavor to take things as they come with cheerfulness", Irving wrote, "and when I cannot get a dinner to suit my taste, I endeavor to get a taste to suit my dinner".^[14] While visiting Rome in 1805, Irving struck up a friendship with painter Washington Allston^[12] and was almost persuaded into a career as a painter. "My lot in life, however, was differently cast".^[15]

1.his
2.beauty-
3.popular-
4.copybook-
5.early
6.eagle-
7.question
8.speak
9.teach
10.yellow-
11.black
12.this
13.rich
14. mine
15.themselves
16.thirty eight-
17.twenty
18.put-
19.difficult
20.interpretor
21.translate
22.Learn
23. dress-
24. blackboard
25.funny
26.doll –
27.Foreign
28.literature
29.fast
30. work-
31.together
32.who
33.can-
34.eleven-
35.may

Birinchi shart shundan iboratki har bir jamoadan ikki kishi chiqadi va o'zlari haqida suhbatlashishadi. Va har bir o'zi haqida aytilgan ma'lumot hakamlar tomonida hisoblablanadi. Va shart oxirida baholanadi

Jamoalar tayyor bo'lsa musobaqani boshlaymiz. Tayyormisizlar. Shartni 6-sinf o'quvchilari

boshlab beradi.

Endi navbatni 7-8-sinf qizlar tomonidan tayyorlangan inglizcha raqslarga beramiz.

Endi esa navbat musobaqamizning ikkinchi shartini bajarish uchun jamoalarimizni davraga taklif Marhamat.

2-shart shundan iboratki har bir jamoaga bitadan ingliz yozuvchisi haqida ma'lumot yig'ib o'rganib kelish topshirilgan edi. Va bu ma'lumotlarni inglizcha aytishlari kerak bo'ladi.

Jamoalar tayyor bo'lsa 2-shartni boshladik. Bu shartni 7-sinf PEGION boshlab beradi. Endi esa navbatni maktabimiz o'quvchilarining ingliz tilida yodlab kelgan sherlariga beramiz.

QVZ

Va niyoyat musobaqamizning 3-shartiga ham yetib keldik 3-sharni bajarish uchun jamoalarimizni davraga taklif qilamiz.

3-shartimiz shundan iboratki jamoa a'zolarining har biri bittadan so'z tortishadi va o'sha so'zning tarjimasini qaysi so'z turkumiligini aytishadi va bittadan gap tuzishadi.

Jamoalar tayyor bo'lsa 3-shartni boshladik.

3-shart bo'yicha hakamlarning baholari ko'rsatingizar

Hakamlar yakuniy baholarni hisoblaguncha. Maktabimiz o'quvchilari tomonidan tayyorlangan buka buka raqsiga navbatni beramiz. Marhamat.
Sizlarni baholar bilan tanishtiraman.