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LIFE AND CREATIVITY OF ABU MUSO JABIR IBN HAYYAN
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LIFE AND CREATIVITY OF ABU MUSO JABIR IBN HAYYAN
Umarov B.B.1, Khamidov Yo.Yo2 IBukhara State University, 2Bukhara Institute o f Engineering and Technology e-mail: umarovbako@mail.ru, tel. (90) 511-90-40 The most gifted and famous alchemist was Abu Abdullah Jabir ibn Hayan (721-815) was born in the family o f a pharmacist in Kufa (Iran). He later became known in Europe under the name Geber. He lived at the height of the Islamic caliphate under the reign of Harun ar-Rashid. One o f his consultants in the art of turning metals was Imam Jafar as Sadiq (700-750), who at that time created his own school and became a teacher in explaining the foundations o f Islam, social and natural sciences. The alchemical school o f Jafar as Sadiq summarized the theoretical and practical knowledge known at that time. The German scientist Yu. Ruska mentions the significant role of Imam Jafar in the formation and development o f Islamic alchemy as an integral part o f the history of chemistry. The most gifted and famous largest Arab alchemist Geber, a student of Jafar as Sadiq, is credited with the books “The sum o f perfection”, “The Book o f Furnaces”, “The Book of the Kingdom”, “The Book of Weight”, “The Book of Mercury”, “The Book o f One Hundred and Twelve”, as well as two more books found only in the 20th century in the libraries o f Cairo and Istanbul, “The Book of Seventy” and “The Book o f Poisons”, since the writings o f Geber assimilate the Arabic chemical experience, we need to say a little about them, the first of them is o f a chemical content, which describes the properties seven metals and minerals. It also describes the manufacture o f glass. Geber recognized five spirits o f transmutation, presented in material forms: orpiment (arsenic sulphide), arsenic, ammonia, mercury (“the root o f all substances”). A set o f real substances is given with a description o f their properties: alnushadir (ammonia), boraki (alkali), vitriol, alum, orpiment, alcohol, «metallic» antimony, sulphurous antimony. Chemical operations are de scribed: the production and purification of metals, the production and distillation o f vegetable oils, crystal lization, sublimation, the distillation o f mercury, the use of alkalis and soap, sublimation in the «Pergamum aludel», heating in special furnaces. This is the empirical basis for direct chemical experiment. In addition to describing and obtaining ammonia, Geber showed how to prepare white lead. He distilled vinegar to ob tain acetic acid, the strongest acid known at the time. He managed to obtain a weak solution o f nitric acid. In Geber, the elements-elements of Aristotle are reformulated into alchemical principles - mercury and sulfur. The transmutation limit o f Geber has not been definitively established. A rational classification o f the types of transmutation (more precisely, its degrees) softens the sacred nature o f the act, bringing it into the technological spheres of coloring. Geber distinguishes, for example, three groups of «drugs». First-order drugs change the properties of metals in an unstable way. Copper, combined with zinc, for example, or with arsenic, gives golden or silver colors that disappear with fire. Medicines of the second order impart more stable properties to metals. And only a medicine of the third, higher, order is the «great elixir» that carries out the final transformation of the metal into gold or silver. 6 Thus, Geber was an outstanding chemist o f the Arab East, one of the founders o f medical and chem ical science based on experiments. His works gave a powerful impetus to the subsequent development of chemistry and chemical technology. The original manuscript of Jabir ibn Hayan - «The Book o f Poisons», is dedicated to poisons and antidotes, which was discovered in 1958 in the library o f Cairo, which is currently stored in the library of Karachi (Pakistan). Download 5.86 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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