Science and innovation of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages

CHAPTER II. ORIGIN OF SCIENCE FICTION
2.1. A timeline to science fiction literature
Science fiction emerged almost three hundred years in the past at some point of a time of first rate advances in technology. Since then authors have attempted to make feel in their global through imagining what the destiny will appearance like.
Post-apocalyptic societies, alien invasions, robots and environmental catastrophes have all performed out on this style which remains famous today. This timeline highlights a number of the important thing moments in sci-fi literature’s history.
This satirical journey narrative is taken into consideration via way of means of many to be a huge precursor of the cutting-edge technological know-how fiction novel.
Jonathan Swift’s provocative and arguable novel is infused with factors of technology fiction. During his voyages the identify character, Lemuel Gulliver, encounters utopian and dystopian societies in addition to the flying island of Laputa, populated through scientists whose experiments are of no beneficial benefit.
Mary Shelley tells the tale of Victor Frankenstein who engineers a dwelling creature in a colossal experiment.
Although Napoleon were defeated at Waterloo in 1815, the early nineteenth Century changed into an technology of political upheaval at domestic and overseas and plenty of assume this ee-e book promotes innovative thoughts. Frankenstein is visible as a caution towards the growth of technological know-how with out a ethical context. In the deeply non secular pre-Victorian age, suggesting a scientist should task God through looking to create human lifestyles became profoundly shocking.
As exploration of the seas and oceans begins, the famous and influential journey novel through Jules Verne is released.[17,84]
Verne’s story of the despotic Captain Nemo and his undersea adventures at the Nautilus conjures up actual clinical development. In addition to imagining diving gadget he expands on makes use of for a submarine. At this time, submarines are simplest withinside the very early degrees of clinical development. The tale is the forerunner of era taking its thoughts from sci-fi. Scientists and explorers which includes Ernest Shackleton and Jacques Cousteau later declare him to be inspirational to their achievements.
The overdue nineteenth Century witnesses the boom of recent technologies, consisting of the steam engine, phone and electricity.
Against this backdrop, HG Wells introduces the concept of time tour. Wells’s first posted novella appeals to the mass market. It fuses technology journalism with famous romance, in a tale of evolution which anticipates the give up of humanity. He introduces the unconventional concept that the destiny will now no longer always appearance similar to the present.
Russian radical Yevgeny Zamyatin writes We quickly after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. It is posted in English in 1924.
Zamyatin’s tale is about in a dystopian society wherein ladies and men are numbered instead of named and stay in glass homes which permit their each circulate to be determined through the state. The novel indicates the dehumanising opportunities of technological development. It will become an instantaneous affect on George Orwell’s 1984.
The foundation of the term “technology fiction” appears.
Journalist and mag owner Hugo Gernsback launches a pulp mag which to begin with reprints memories through Verne, Wells and Edgar Allen Poe. The mag calls its fiction “Scientifiction”, which mixes romance with prophetic imaginative and prescient and clinical knowledge. Gernsback later coins “technological know-how fiction” in his mag Science Wonder Stories in 1929.[18,97]
After journeying America, Aldous Huxley sounds a caution approximately the risks of an all-effective state.
Huxley imagines a dystopian international. His imaginative and prescient of the destiny questions in which era would possibly take us. He sees a society wherein genetic engineering has end up the norm, thereby removing the family. It is a society wherein technological know-how has removed sadness and the taking of mood-changing pills is encouraged. Many factors of his tale are taken into consideration to be prophetic.
George Orwell’s grim satire on Stalinism foretold the destiny even more.
Written at some point of the Cold War, this ee-e book is about in a close to-destiny Britain wherein a totalitarian birthday birthday celebration curtails all character freedoms. The Government video display units all personal and public activity. A wide variety of standards from the tale, along with Big Brother and Room 101, input famous way of life and stay in use.
Isaac Asimov develops the idea of the robotic first defined through the Czech playwright Karel Capek in 1920.
I, Robot is a group of brief memories which makes a speciality of the destiny position of robots in society. It introduces Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics. These advocate androids have to be programmed with controls figuring out how they behave round people.
John Wyndham’s story of large sentient plant life is posted. This novel is an excellent instance of “snug catastrophe” British fiction.
As rival creator Brian Aldiss famously describes, the hero indulges himself in drink, women and loose suites on the Savoy at the same time as anybody else dies horribly. Wyndham wrote the unconventional following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the tale worries the protagonist’s efforts to live to tell the tale in a damaged society which ought to be rebuilt.
The first of JG Ballard’s series of novels dealing with “ecocatastrophes”.
JG Ballard’s ecocatastrophe expands the chance of societal breakdown, this time after the polar ice caps have melted. It establishes Ballard as a first-rate British creator of the “New Wave” of technological know-how fiction. His testimonies carry mental hobby and an experimental literary fashion to technological know-how fiction topics. Ballard's in addition ecological novels encompass The Burning World (1964) and The Crystal World (1966).
The futuristic novels of Philip K Dick offer the plotlines for plenty contemporary-day sci-fi blockbusters together with Blade Runner and Minority Report.[19,74]
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? is about in a post-apocalyptic international. Dick is interested in the query of what constitutes a human being. Blurring the strains among human beings and androids, he indicates androids can tackle human traits, however lack compassion or empathy. The impacts in Dick’s paintings encompass Jungian psychology, intellectual infection and drug use.
This novel will become one of the maximum critical technology fiction texts to take a look at assumptions approximately gender.
The writer, Ursula K Le Guin, is propelled to sci-fi reputation following the fulfillment of her 0.33 novel approximately the Ekumen galactic empire. Le Guin's characters are androgynous, most effective adopting male or lady traits as soon as a month. The Left Hand of Darkness is taken into consideration to be a leap forward for woman writers withinside the style.
The famous creator and playwright Doris Lessing publishes a story of post-apocalyptic societal breakdown.
The novel is written in reaction to the long-mounted English “catastrophe way of life”. Lessing's tale of a now no longer-too-remote destiny wherein barbarism is the norm gives an exciting elegance evaluation of bourgeois fears of social regression.
This novel is prompted through the social and political actions of the 1960s.
Written via way of means of educational and feminist Joanna Russ this novel describes a advantageous network of women. Each of its 4 foremost characters inhabit parallel worlds in unique ancient instances and spaces, dwelling in fellowship and solidarity. Russ extends the literary culture of Utopia first defined through Sir Thomas More in 1516.
Douglas Adams’s series, at first written for radio, introduces humour to the style through lampooning the jaded style of the British area opera.
Informed with the aid of using Monty Python, its parody of existence throughout the Universe recycles many loved subject matters of technology fiction, which includes rebellious technologies, time journey, galactic catastrophes and cosmic bureaucracy.
William Gibson blurs the boundary among human and device past the factor of recognition, extending the narrative added via way of means of Asimov.
Neuromancer is classified as “cyberpunk”, a subgenre of sci-fi wherein society is managed through computers. Gibson’s “console cowboys” of a close to destiny, chase each other thru a digital area called the “matrix”. The writer is now famed for his prophetic visions of era. He coined the term "cyberspace" in preceding publications, revisiting it in Neuromancer.[20,271]
Dawn is the primary novel in Octavia E Butler’s Xenogenesis trilogy (1987 – 1989).
This novel examines racial distinction in a story of the alien Oankali who try to rescue humanity’s very last survivors after a nuclear holocaust. Born in California in 1947, Butler grew up in a socially deprived, combined race neighbourhood. For some of years she turned into the best African-American lady publishing sci-fi. The Xenogenesis novels discover the standards of replica among species, gender and sexuality.
This trilogy breathes new lifestyles into technology fiction withinside the 1990s.
The first ee-e book in Kim Stanley Robinson’s Mars trilogy (1993–1996), information the colonisation of Mars as an analogy to the western enlargement of the USA. It reintroduces the position of the human to this story of extraterrestrial migration. Robinson additionally re-engages with the concept of utopia, which has been maligned at some stage in the twentieth Century with the aid of using diverse liberal critics.
Margaret Atwood follows up her technology fiction pastimes first visited withinside the dystopia of The Handmaid’s Tale (1985).
Maddaddam is the 0.33 novel in Atwoods's trilogy written among 2003-13. It outlines a post-apocalyptic international following a catastrophic genetic engineering programme which has worn out maximum of humanity. Atwood’s famous trilogy opens up the style to a brand new target target market now no longer formerly acquainted with sci-fi. The writer phrases her paintings as speculative, as opposed to technology, fiction which means that situations in her novels are Earth-certain and plausible.