Science and innovation of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages

1.2. The study of science fiction
The examine of generation fiction, or technological knowledge fiction studies, is the important assessment, interpretation, and speak of generation fiction literature, film, TV shows, new media, fandom, and fan fiction. Science fiction students have a study technological knowledge fiction to better apprehend it and its relationship to era, technology, politics, exclusive genres, and subculture-at-big. Science fiction studies began out throughout the turn of the 20 th century, but it modified into now now not until later that generation fiction studies solidified as a area with the ee-e book of the academic journals Extrapolation, Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction, and Science Fiction Studies and the reputation quo of the oldest companies committed to the examine of generation fiction in 1970, the Science Fiction Research Association and the Science Fiction Foundation. The place has grown drastically for the cause that Nineteen 1970s with the installed order of greater journals, agencies, and conferences, further to era fiction degree-granting packages collectively with those furnished with the useful resource of the usage of the University of Liverpool and the University of Kansas.[12,76]
Science fiction has historically been sub-divided amongst hard technological knowledge fiction and clean era fiction, with the branch centering on the feasibility of the generation critical to the story. However, this distinction has come beneath developing scrutiny withinside the 21st century. Some authors, consisting of Tade Thompson and Jeff VanderMeer, have cited that reminiscences that recognition explicitly on physics, astronomy, mathematics, and engineering will be predisposed to be considered "difficult" technological information fiction, on the equal time as stories that focus on botany, mycology, zoology, and the social sciences have a propensity to be categorized as "mild," no matter the relative rigor of the technological knowledge.
Max Gladstone defined "difficult" technological expertise fiction as recollections "wherein the mathsematics works," but mentioned that this in the end finally ends up with memories that often seem "weirdly dated," as medical paradigms shift over time. Michael Swanwick unnoticed the traditional definition of "difficult" SF altogether, as a substitute pronouncing that it become defined via characters striving to treatment problems "withinside the right manner–with determination, a touch of stoicism, and the attention that the universe isn't on his or her side."
Ursula K. Le Guin moreover criticized the more traditional view on the difference amongst "difficult" and "mild" SF: "The 'difficult' era fiction writers disregard everything except, well, physics, astronomy, and possibly chemistry. Biology, sociology, anthropology—it's far now now not era to them, it clearly is mild stuff. They're now now not that interested by what human beings do, really. But I am. I draw on the social sciences a terrific deal."[13,86]
Respected authors have written technological knowledge fiction. Mary Shelley wrote a number of generation fiction novels which includes Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818), and is considered a first-rate writer of the Romantic Age. Aldous Huxley's Brave New World is often listed as really taken into consideration considered one of England's most vital novels, every for its criticism of contemporary-day manner of existence and its prediction of future inclinations in conjunction with reproductive era and social. Kurt Vonnegut changed into a quite authentic American writer whose works contain generation fiction premises or themes. Other generation fiction authors whose works are appreciably considered to be "serious" literature include Ray Bradbury (at the side of, especially, Fahrenheit 451 and The Martian Chronicles. Arthur C. Clare, and Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger, writing beneathneath the decision Cordwainer Smith. In his ee-e book "The Western Canon", literary critic Harold Bloom includes Brave New World, Solaris, Cat's Cradle (1963) thru Vonnegut, and The Left Hand of Darkness as culturally and aesthetically huge works of western literature.
David Barnett has mentioned that there are books collectively with The Road with the resource of the use of Cormac McCarthy, Cloud Atlas with the resource of the use of David Mitchell, The Gone-Away World thru Nick Harkaway, The Stone Gods through manner of method of Jeanette Winterson, and Oryx and Crake thru Margaret Atwood, which use recognizable technological understanding fiction tropes, but whose authors and publishers do now now not market them as technological understanding fiction. Doris Lessing, who changed into later offered the Nobel Prize in literature, wrote a chain of five SF novels, Canopus in Argos: Archives, which depict the efforts of greater advanced species and civilizations to influence those a whole lot much less advanced, which includes humans on Earth.
In her masses reprinted 1976 essay "Science Fiction and Mrs Brown," Ursula K. Le Guin grow to be asked: "Can a generation fiction writer write a novel?" She answered: "I accept as true with that all novels ... cope with character, and that it's far to specific character–now not to preach doctrines sing songs... that the form of the novel, so clumsy, verbose, and undramatic, so rich, elastic, and alive, has been evolved. ... The exquisite novelists have introduced us to see some thing they preference us to look thru some character. Otherwise, they may now now not be novelists, but poets, historians, or pamphleteers." Orson Scott Card, high-satisfactory diagnosed for his 1985 technological understanding fiction novel Ender's Game, has postulated that in generation fiction the message and intellectual significance of the art work are contained withinside the story itself and, therefore, does now not need stylistic gimmicks or literary games.[14,132]
Jonathan Lethem, in a 1998 essay withinside the Village Voice entitled "Close Encounters: The Squandered Promise of Science Fiction," advised that the element in 1973 at the same time as Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow emerge as nominated for the Nebula Award and became exceeded over in preference of Clarke's Rendezvous with Rama, stands as "a hidden tombstone marking the loss of life of the want that SF changed into about to merge with the mainstream." In the same year technological understanding fiction writer and physicist Gregory Benford wrote: "SF is in all likelihood the defining fashion of the twentieth century, despite the fact that its conquering armies are nevertheless camped outside the Rome of the literary citadels."
Science fiction is being written, and has been written, with the useful resource of the use of severa authors from throughout the world. According to 2013 statistics through manner of method of the generation fiction creator Tor Books, men outnumber women thru manner of way of 78% to 22% among submissions to the creator. A controversy about balloting slates withinside the 2015 Hugo Awards highlighted tensions withinside the technological knowledge fiction community amongst a style of increasingly more extra diverse works and authors being commemorated via awards, and reaction thru groups of authors and lovers who desired what they considered more "traditional" generation fiction.
One wonderful award for technological knowledge fiction films and TV applications is the Saturn Award, it's furnished every year with the resource of the use of The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films.
There are distinctive national awards, like Canada's Prix Aurora Awards, nearby awards, much like the Endeavour Award presented at Orycon for works from the U.S. Pacific Northwest, and particular interest or subgenre awards such as the Chesley Award for art, furnished thru the Association of Science Fiction & Fantasy Artists, or the World Fantasy Award for fantasy. Magazines can also moreover set up reader polls, considerably the Locus Award.[15,71]
Conventions (in fandom, often shortened as "cons," collectively with "comic-con") are held in cities throughout the world, catering to a close by, close by, country wide, or global membership. General-interest conventions cover all elements of technological understanding fiction, on the equal time as others focus on a particular interest like media fandom, filking, and so on. Most generation fiction conventions are organized with the resource of the usage of volunteers in non-profits companies, aleven aleven though most media-oriented sports are organized with the useful resource of the use of enterprise promoters.
Science fiction fandom emerged from the letters column in Amazing Stories magazine. Soon fanatics began out out writing letters to each distinct, and then grouping their comments together in informal guides which have turn out to be referred to as fanzines. Once they have been in regular contact, lovers preferred to satisfy each one-of-a-kind, and they organized close by clubs. In the 1930s, the number one era fiction conventions accrued fans from a miles wider place.
The earliest organized on-line fandom modified into the SF Lovers Community, at the start a mailing list withinside the past due 1970s with a text archive file that turn out to be updated regularly. In the 1980s, Usenet corporations considerably expanded the circle of enthusiasts on line. In the 1990s, the development of the World-Wide Web exploded the community of on line fandom thru orders of magnitude, with lots and then tens of hundreds and hundreds of internet webweb sites devoted to technological understanding fiction and related genres for all media.
The first technological expertise fiction fanzine, The Comet, have become published in 1930 via the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago, Illinois. One of the first-rate diagnosed fanzines in recent times is Ansible, edited via David Langford, winner of numerous Hugo awards. Other exquisite fanzines to win one or more Hugo awards include File 770, Mimosa, and Plokta. Artists running for fanzines have frequently risen to prominence withinside the discipline, which consist of Brad W. Foster, Teddy Harvia, and Joe Mayhew; the Hugos encompass a category for Best Fan Artists.[16,78]
Science fiction elements can include, among others:
Temporal settings withinside the future, or in possibility histories.
Space adventure, settings in outer space, on unique worlds, in subterranean earth, or in parallel universes.
Aspects of biology in fiction which encompass aliens, mutants, and advanced humans.
Predicted or speculative era along side brain-computer interface, bio-engineering, superintelligent computers, robots, and ray guns and unique advanced guns.
Undiscovered clinical possibilities collectively with teleportation, time adventure, and faster-than-slight adventure or communication.
New and exceptional political and social systems and situations, which encompass Utopian, dystopian, post-apocalyptic, or post-scarcity.
Future data and evolution of humans on Earth or on distinctive planets.
Paranormal competencies collectively with mind control, telepathy, and telekinesis.