Science and innovation of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages

2.2. Evaluation of the genre of science fiction
The literary style of technology fiction is diverse, and its precise definition stays a contested query amongst each students and devotees. This loss of consensus is pondered in debates approximately the style's records, mainly over figuring out its actual origins. There are huge camps of thought, one which identifies the style's roots in early fantastical works together with the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (earliest Sumerian textual content variations c. 2150–2000 BCE). A 2d method argues that technology fiction most effective have become viable someday among the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries, following the medical revolution and foremost discoveries in astronomy, physics, and mathematics.
Science fiction evolved and boomed withinside the twentieth century, because the deep integration of technological know-how and innovations into day by day lifestyles recommended a more hobby in literature that explores the connection among generation, society, and the individual. Scholar Robert Scholes calls the records of technological know-how fiction "the records of humanity's converting attitudes closer tos area and time ... the records of our developing expertise of the universe and the placement of our species in that universe".[2] In current decades, the style has diverse and end up firmly hooked up as a main impact on international tradition and thought.[21,94]
There are some of historic or early cutting-edge texts along with a first-rate many epics and poems that comprise fantastical or "technology-fictional" factors, but have been written earlier than the emergence of technology fiction as a awesome style. These texts regularly consist of factors inclusive of a fantastical voyage to the moon or the usage of imagined superior era. Although fantastical and technological know-how fiction-like factors and imagery exist in tales which includes Ovid's Metamorphoses (eight AD), the Old English epic heroic poem Beowulf (eighth–eleventh centuries AD), and the Middle German epic poem Nibelungenlied (c. 1230), their relative loss of references to technology or generation places them toward fable instead of technological know-how fiction.
One of the earliest and maximum commonly-noted texts for the ones searching out early precursors to technological know-how fiction is the historical Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, with the earliest textual content variations diagnosed as being from approximately 2000 BCE. American technology fiction writer Lester del Rey turned into one such supporter of the use of Gilgamesh as an beginning point, arguing that "technology fiction is exactly as antique because the first recorded fiction. That is The Epic of Gilgamesh."[3] French technological know-how fiction creator Pierre Versins additionally argued that Gilgamesh turned into the primary technology fiction paintings because of its remedy of human cause and the search for immortality.[4] In addition, Gilgamesh functions a flood scene that during a few methods resembles a piece of apocalyptic technological know-how fiction. However, the shortage of specific technology or generation withinside the paintings has led a few [5] to argue that it's miles higher classified as wonderful literature.
Ancient Indian poetry along with the Hindu epic Ramayana (fifth to 4th century BCE) consists of Vimana, flying machines capable of tour into area or beneathneath water, and ruin whole towns the use of superior weapons. In the primary ee-e book of the Rigveda series of Sanskrit hymns (1700–1100 BCE), there may be an outline of "mechanical birds" which might be seen "leaping into area in a timely fashion with a craft the usage of hearthplace and water ... containing twelve stamghas (pillars), one wheel, 3 machines, three hundred pivots, and 60 instruments".[6] The historical Hindu mythological epic, the Mahabharata (eighth and ninth centuries BCE) consists of the tale of King Kakudmi, who travels to heaven to fulfill the writer Brahma and is bowled over to analyze that many a while have handed whilst he returns to Earth, looking forward to the idea of time journey.
One often mentioned textual content is the Syrian-Greek author Lucian of Samosata's 2nd-century satire True History, which makes use of a voyage to outer area and conversations with alien lifestyles bureaucracy to touch upon the usage of exaggeration inside tour literature and debates. Typical technology fiction topics and topoi in True History consist of journey to outer area, come across with alien lifestyles-bureaucracy (which includes the enjoy of a primary come upon event), interplanetary war and planetary imperialism, motif of giganticism, creatures as merchandise of human generation, worlds running through a hard and fast of opportunity bodily laws, and an specific preference of the protagonist for exploration and adventure.[8] In witnessing one interplanetary conflict among the People of the Moon and the People of the Sun because the combat for the proper to colonize the Morning Star, Lucian describes large area spiders who had been "appointed to spin an internet withinside the air among the Moon and the Morning Star, which become executed in an instant, and made a undeniable marketing campaign upon which the foot forces had been planted". L. Sprague de Camp and some of different authors argue this to be one of the earliest if now no longer the earliest instance of technology fiction or proto-technological know-how fiction. However, because the textual content turned into supposed to be explicitly satirical and hyperbolic, different critics are ambivalent approximately its rightful location as a technology fiction precursor. For instance, English critic Kingsley Amis wrote that "It is infrequently technological know-how-fiction, because it intentionally piles extravagance upon extravagance for comedian effect" but he implicitly stated its SF man or woman with the aid of using evaluating its plot to early twentieth-century area operas: "I will simply observation that the sprightliness and class of True History make it examine like a funny story on the price of almost all early-contemporary-day technology fiction, that written among, say, 1910 and 1940." Lucian translator Bryan Reardon is extra specific, describing the paintings as "an account of a amazing adventure – to the moon, the underworld, the stomach of a whale, and so forth. It isn't always in reality technology fiction, even though it has now and again been referred to as that; there may be no 'technology' in it."[22,73]
The early Japanese story of Urashima Tarō includes journeying forwards in time to a far off future, and became first defined withinside the Nihongi. It turned into approximately a younger fisherman named Urashima Tarō who visits an undersea palace and remains there for 3 days. After returning domestic to his village, he unearths himself three hundred years withinside the future, wherein he's lengthy forgotten, his residence is in ruins, and his own circle of relatives lengthy dead. The tenth-century Japanese narrative The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter will also be taken into consideration proto-technology fiction. The protagonist of the tale, Kaguya-hime, is a princess from the Moon who's despatched to Earth for protection at some point of a celestial war, and is determined and raised through a bamboo cutter in Japan. She is later taken lower back to the Moon with the aid of using her actual extraterrestrial own circle of relatives. A manuscript example depicts a spherical flying device much like a flying saucer.
Several memories in the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights, eighth–tenth centuries CE) additionally function technology fiction factors. One instance is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", wherein the protagonist Bulukiya's quest for the herb of immortality leads him to discover the seas, adventure to the Garden of Eden and to Jahannam (Islamic hell), and journey throughout the cosmos to extraordinary worlds a good deal large than his personal global, waiting for factors of galactic technology fiction;[18] alongside the way, he encounters societies of jinn, mermaids, speakme serpents, speakme trees, and different sorts of lifestyles.
In "Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman", the protagonist profits the cappotential to respire underwater and discovers an underwater submarine society this is portrayed as an inverted mirrored image of society on land, in that the underwater society follows a shape of primitive communism in which ideas like cash and apparel do now no longer exist.
Other Arabian Nights testimonies cope with misplaced historical technologies, superior historic civilizations that went astray, and catastrophes which beaten them. "The City of Brass" functions a collection of guests on an archaeological excursion throughout the Sahara to locate an historic misplaced metropolis and try and get better a brass vessel that the biblical King Solomon as soon as used to lure a jinn, and, alongside the way, come upon a mummified queen, petrified inhabitants, realistic humanoid robots and automata, seductive marionettes dancing with out strings, and a brass robotic horseman who directs the celebration in the direction of the historical metropolis.
According to Dr. Abu Shadi al-Roubi, the very last chapters of the Arabic theological novel Fādil ibn Nātiq (c. 1270), additionally called Theologus Autodidactus, through the Arabian polymath author Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) may be defined as technological know-how fiction. The theological novel offers with diverse technological know-how fiction factors together with spontaneous generation, futurology, apocalyptic subject matters, eschatology, resurrection and the afterlife, however instead of giving supernatural or mythological motives for those events, Ibn al-Nafis tried to give an explanation for those plot factors the usage of his personal substantial clinical understanding in anatomy, biology, physiology, astronomy, cosmology and geology. For instance, it turned into thru this novel that Ibn al-Nafis introduces his clinical principle of metabolism, and he makes references to his personal medical discovery of pulmonary flow so one can give an explanation for physical resurrection.[30] The novel turned into later translated into English as Theologus Autodidactus withinside the early twentieth century.
During the European Middle Ages, technological know-how fictional subject matters seemed inside many chivalric romance and legends. Robots and automata featured in romances beginning withinside the 12th century, with Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne and Enéas most of the first. The Roman de Troie, any other 12th-century paintings, functions the well-known Chambre de Beautes, which contained 4 automata, certainly considered one among which held a magic replicate, certainly considered one among which executed somersaults, certainly considered one among which performed musical instruments, and one that confirmed human beings what they maximum needed. Automata in those works have been frequently ambivalently related to necromancy, and often guarded entrances or supplied caution of intruders. This affiliation with necromancy frequently results in the advent of automata guarding tombs, as they do in Eneas, Floris and Blancheflour, and Le Roman d'Alexandre, at the same time as in Lancelot they seem in an underground palace. Automata did now no longer must be human, however. A brass horse is a few of the magnificent presents given to the Cambyuskan in Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Squire's Tale". This metallic horse is paying homage to comparable metallic horses in center japanese literature, and will take its rider everywhere withinside the global at terrific pace via way of means of turning a peg in its ear and whispering sure phrases in its ear. The brass horse is simplest one of the technological marvels which seems in "The Squire's Tale": the Cambyuskan, or Khan, additionally gets a replicate which famous remote places, which the witnessing crowd explains as running via way of means of the manipulation of angles and optics, and a sword which offers and heals lethal wounds, which the gang explains as being feasible the use of superior smithing techniques.[8,97]