Science and innovation of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages

The object of this study is analyzing the otigin of science fiction.
The purpose of this work is to show stylistic analysis of the genre of science fiction and its basic peculiarities.
To achieve these goals, the following tasks were set:
-To organize some materials which are helped English teachers.
-To find some researchgates and put them in practice.
The theoretical value of the work is to allow the opportunity to search, find, and use various sources in writing. Ideally, these sources will liven and strengthen the composition.
The practical value of the work. The information brought into forth in the work are very useful for students who study in English language and literature departments. Moreover, the analyses given in the work are practical for students and learners’ improvement of English.
The structure of the work. Hereby work consists of introduction, 2 main chapter with 4 parts, conclusion and the list of the used literature.


CHAPTER I. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT SCIENCE FICTION AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1. History of science fiction
Science fiction is a fashion of speculative fiction, which usually gives with imaginative and futuristic thoughts together with superior technology and technology, area exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial existence. Science fiction can hint its roots to historic mythology. It is related to fable, horror, and superhero fiction and carries many subgenres. Its real definition has lengthy been disputed amongst authors, critics, scholars, and readers.
Science fiction, in literature, movie, tv, and different media, has come to be famous and influential over a whole lot of the sector. It has been referred to as the "literature of thoughts", and regularly explores the workable consequences of medical, social, and technological improvements. It now and again serves as an outlet to facilitate destiny clinical and technological improvements. Besides offering entertainment, it is able to moreover criticize present-day society and discover alternatives. It is likewise often said to encourage a "experience of wonder".[1,142]
American technology fiction author and editor Lester del Rey wrote, "Even the committed aficionado or fan—has a hard time making an try to offer an cause of what technological know-how fiction is," and the shortage of a "complete remarkable definition" is due to the fact "there aren't anyt any with out problem delineated limits to technological know-how fiction."According to Isaac Asimov, "Science fiction may be described as that branch of literature which gives with the response of humans to modifications in technology and technology." Robert A. Heinlein wrote that "A available short definition of almost all technology fiction would possibly read: practical hypothesis approximately viable destiny events, primarily based totally absolutely solidly on enough statistics of the real global, beyond and present, and on an intensive appreciation of the character and importance of the clinical method."
Part of the cause that it's so hard to pin down an agreed definition of technology fiction is due to the fact there's an inclination amongst technology fiction enthusiasts to behave as their very personal arbiter in figuring out what exactly constitutes technology fiction. Damon Knight summed up the problem, saying "technological know-how fiction is what we factor to while we are saying it." David Seed says it may additionally be more useful to talk approximately technology fiction because the intersection of different, more concrete, genres and subgenres.
Forrest J Ackerman has been credited with first the use of the time period "sci-fi" (analogous to the then-trendy "hi-fi") in approximately 1954; the primary appeared use in print was once an outline of Donovan's Brain through the usage of film critic Jesse Zunser in January 1954. As technology fiction entered well-known culture, writers and fanatics lively withinside the area came to partner the term with low-finances, low-tech "B-movies" and with low-first-rate pulp technological know-how fiction. By the 1970s, critics in the area, inclusive of Damon Knight and Terry Carr, have been the usage of "sci fi" to differentiate hack-paintings from severe technology fiction. Peter Nicholls writes that "SF" (or "sf") is "the popular abbreviation within the network of sf writers and readers." Robert Heinlein determined even "technological know-how fiction" inadequate for positive sorts of works on this genre, and recommended the time period speculative fiction for use instead for those which might be extra "severe" or "thoughtful."[2,93]
Some students assert that technological know-how fiction had its beginnings in anciental times, while the road among myth and fact became blurred. Written withinside the 2d century CE by means of manner of the satirist Lucian, A True Story consists of many subject matters and tropes characteristic of modern technology fiction, together with excursion to different worlds, extraterrestrial lifeforms, interplanetary warfare, and artificial existence. Some think about it the primary technological know-how-fiction novel. Some of the recollections from The Arabian Nights, in conjunction with the 10th-century The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter and Ibn al-Nafis's 13th-century Theologus Autodidactus, moreover include elements of technology fiction.
Written at some stage in the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, Johannes Kepler's Somnium, Francis Bacon's New Atlantis, Athanasius Kircher's Itinerarium extaticum, Cyrano de Bergerac's Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon and The States and Empires of the Sun Margaret Cavendish's "The Blazing World", Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Ludvig Holberg's Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum and Voltaire's Micromégas are occasionally taken into consideration as a number of the primary real technology-myth works. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Somnium the primary technology-fiction tale; it depicts a revel in to the Moon and the way the Earth's motion is visible from there.
Following the 17th-century development of the radical as a literary shape, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and The Last Man helped define the shape of the technology-fiction novel. Brian Aldiss has argued that Frankenstein became as soon as the primary paintings of technological know-how fiction. Edgar Allan Poe wrote numerous tales considered to be technology fiction, collectively with "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall", which featured a experience to the Moon. Jules Verne become as soon as said for his hobby to element and clinical accuracy, especially in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. In 1887, the unconventional El anacronópete by means of Spanish writer Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau introduced the primary time machine. An early French/Belgian technology fiction author became J.-H. Rosny aîné. Rosny's masterpiece is Les Navigateurs de l'Infini wherein the word astronaut, "astronautique", used for use for the primary time.[3,82]
Many critics consider H. G. Wells one in every of technology fiction's maximum vital authors, or even "the Shakespeare of technological know-how fiction." His extraordinary technological know-how-fiction works embody The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, and The War of the Worlds. His technology fiction imagined alien invasion, organic engineering, invisibility, and time travel. In his non-fiction futurologist works he predicted the advent of airplanes, army tanks, nuclear weapons, satellite tv for pc tv, residence travel, and some thing similar to the World Wide Web.
Edgar Rice Burroughs' A Princess of Mars, published in 1912, became as soon as the primary of his 3-decade-lengthy planetary romance series of Barsoom novels, which have been set on Mars and featured John Carter because the hero. In 1924 We via way of Russian creator Yevgeny Zamyatin, one of the first dystopian novels, become as soon as posted. It describes a global of concord and conformity inside a united totalitarian state. It encouraged the emergence of dystopia as a literary genre.
In 1926, Hugo Gernsback posted the primary American technology-fiction magazine, Amazing Stories. In its first problem he wrote:
By 'scientifiction' I suggest the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe sort of tale—a fascinating romance intermingled with clinical fact and prophetic vision... Not most effective do those superb recollections make specifically captivating reading—they're always instructive. They offer knowledge... in a totally palatable shape... New adventures pictured for us withinside the scientifiction of in recent times at the moment are under no circumstances now no longer feasible of interest tomorrow... Many first-rate technology tales destined to be of anciental hobby are despite the fact that to be written... Posterity will element to them as having blazed a brand new trail, now no longer entirely in literature and fiction, but improvement as properly.
In 1928, E. E. "Doc" Smith's first published paintings, The Skylark of Space, written in collaboration with Lee Hawkins Garby, regarded in Amazing Stories. It is often referred to as the primary top notch area opera. The same year, Philip Francis Nowlan's actual Buck Rogers tale, Armageddon 2419, additionally appeared in Amazing Stories. This became determined via way of the usage of a Buck Rogers comic strip, the primary critical technology-fiction comic.
In 1937, John W. Campbell have become editor of Astounding Science Fiction, an healthy this is every now and then taken into consideration the setting up of the Golden Age of Science Fiction, which become as soon as characterised through manner of memories celebrating medical achievement and development. In 1942, Isaac Asimov began out his Foundation collection, which chronicles the upward push and fall of galactic empires and introduced psychohistory.nThe series was later offered a one-time Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series." The "Golden Age" is regularly stated to have led to 1946, but on occasion the overdue Forties and the Nineteen Fifties are included.[4,124]
Theodore Sturgeon's More Than Human explored viable destiny human evolution. In 1957, Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale via way of manner of the Russian author and paleontologist Ivan Yefremov offered a view of a destiny interstellar communist civilization and is considered one of the maximum essential Soviet technological know-how fiction novels. In 1959, Robert A. Heinlein's Starship Troopers marked a departure from his till now juvenile tales and novels. It is one of the first and maximum influential examples of navy technology fiction, and brought the concept of powered armor exoskeletons. The German residence opera collection Perry Rhodan, written through a variety of authors, began in 1961 with an account of the primary Moon touchdown and has because expanded in residence to more than one universes, and in time through billions of years. It has become the maximum well-known technological know-how fiction ebook series of all time.
In the Sixties and 1970s, New Wave technological know-how fiction turned into as soon as appeared for its consist of of a excessive degree of experimentation, each in form and in content, and a intellectual and self-consciously "literary" or "artistic" sensibility. In 1961, Solaris through manner of Stanisław Lem turned into posted in Poland. The novel treated the subject of human obstacles as its characters attempted to study a seemingly realistic ocean on a newly located planet. 1965's Dune through Frank Herbert featured a loads greater complex and designated imagined destiny society than had previous technology fiction.
In 1967 Anne McCaffrey started out her Dragonriders of Pern technology delusion collection. Two of the novellas protected withinside the first novel, Dragonflight, made McCaffrey the primary girl to win a Hugo or Nebula Award. In 1968, Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, was once posted. It is the literary supply of the Blade Runner movie franchise. 1969's The Left Hand of Darkness with the useful resource of Ursula K. Le Guin turned into as soon as set on a planet wherein the population don't have any constant gender. It is one of the maximum influential examples of social technology fiction, feminist technological know-how fiction, and anthropological technological know-how fiction.[5,82]
In 1979, Science Fiction World started out e-book withinside the People's Republic of China. It dominates the Chinese technology fiction magazine market, at one time claiming a stream of 300,000 copies in step with issue and an predicted 3–five readers in step with copy (giving it a complete envisioned readership of at the least 1 million), making it the sector's maximum famous technology fiction periodical. In 1984, William Gibson's first novel, Neuromancer, helped popularize cyberpunk and the word "cyberspace," a time period he at the beginning coined in his 1982 quick tale Burning Chrome. In 1986, Shards of Honor with the aid of Lois McMaster Bujold began out out her Vorkosigan Saga. 1992's Snow Crash through Neal Stephenson predicted widespread social upheaval because of the data revolution.
In 2007, Liu Cixin's novel, The Three-Body Problem, was posted in China. It become as soon as translated into English via Ken Liu and posted by means of Tor Books in 2014,band gained the 2015 Hugo Award for Best Novel, making Liu the primary Asian creator to win the award.
Emerging subjects in past due twentieth and early 21st century technology fiction consist of environmental problems, the results of the Internet and the growing statistics universe, questions on biotechnology, nanotechnology, and post-shortage societies. Recent trends and subgenres embody steampunk, biopunk, and mundane technological know-how fiction.
The first, or at the least one of the first, recorded technological know-how fiction movie is 1902's A Trip to the Moon, directed with the resource of French filmmaker Georges Méliès. It changed into as soon as profoundly influential on later filmmakers, bringing a one of a kind sort of creativity and fantasy to the cinematic medium. In addition, Méliès's modern editing and specific consequences techniques were broadly imitated and grew to grow to be essential elements of the medium.[6,284]
1927's Metropolis, directed through Fritz Lang, is the primary feature-duration technological know-how fiction movie. Though not nicely obtained in its time, it's far now taken into consideration a wonderful and influential movie. In 1954, Godzilla, directed with the aid of using the use of Ishirō Honda, began out the kaiju subgenre of technological know-how fiction movie, which function large creatures of any shape, generally attacking a number one city or appealing different monsters in battle.
1968's 2001: A Space Odyssey, directed with the resource of Stanley Kubrick and primarily based totally at the paintings of Arthur C. Clarke, rose above the in fashionable B-film services as much as that point each in scope and high-satisfactory, and significantly inspired later technology fiction films. That same year, Planet of the Apes (the unique), directed with the useful resource of Franklin J. Schaffner and based at the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes via way of the usage of Pierre Boulle, become as soon as launched to famous and imperative acclaim, due in big phase to its bright depiction of a post-apocalyptic global wherein wise apes dominate humans.
In 1977, George Lucas started out the Star Wars film series with the movie now diagnosed as "Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope." The collection, frequently known as a residence opera, went directly to come to be a international well-known culture phenomenon, and the second-highest-grossing movie collection of all time.
Since the 1980s, technology fiction films, along with delusion, horror, and superhero films, have ruled Hollywood's big-price range productions. Science fiction movement snap shots regularly "cross-over" with different genres, which consist of animation.
Science fiction and tv have constantly been in a close relationship. Television or tv-like carried out sciences often appeared in technology fiction prolonged earlier than tv itself becamecome notably accessible withinside the overdue Forties and early Nineteen Fifties.[7,91]
The first stated technological know-how fiction television software program turned into as soon as a thirty-five-minute tailor-made excerpt of the play RUR, written by the Czech playwright Karel Čapek, broadcast stay from the BBC's Alexandra Palace studios on 11 February 1938. The first well-known technological know-how fiction software program on American tv became as soon as the children's adventure serial Captain Video and His Video Rangers, which ran from June 1949 to April 1955.
The Twilight Zone (the specific collection), produced and narrated thru Rod Serling, who additionally wrote or co-wrote maximum of the episodes, ran from 1959 to 1964. It featured myth, suspense, and horror as well as technological know-how fiction, with every episode being an entire tale. Critics have ranked it as one of the first-rate TV programs of any genre.
The lively series The Jetsons, whilst intended as comedy and simplest taking walks for one season (1962–1963), estimated many inventions now in not unusualplace use: flat-display televisions, newspapers on a computer-like display, computer viruses, video chat, tanning beds, domestic treadmills, and extra. In 1963, the time travel-themed Doctor Who premiered on BBC Television. The unique collection ran until 1989 and became as soon as revived in 2005. It has been quite famous worldwide and has notably motivated later TV technological know-how fiction. Other packages withinside the Nineteen Sixties included The Outer Limits. Lost in Space, and The Prisoner.
Star Trek (the genuine collection), created with the aid of Gene Roddenberry, premiered in 1966 on NBC Television and ran for 3 seasons. It blended elements of area opera and Space Western. Only mildly a hit at the start, the collection received popularity via syndication and terrific fan hobby. It becamecome a totally well-known and influential franchise with many films, television shows, novels, and different works and products. Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994) led to 6 greater live movement Star Trek shows Voyager, Enterprise, Discovery (2017–present), Picard (2020–present), and Strange New Worlds (2022–presentwith greater in a few form of improvement.[8,75]
The miniseries V premiered in 1983 on NBC. It depicted an tried takeover of Earth by means of reptilian aliens. Red Dwarf, a comic technology fiction collection aired on BBC Two among 1988 and 1999, and on Dave thinking about 2009. The X-Files, which featured UFOs and conspiracy theories, was created via Chris Carter and broadcast by means of Fox Broadcasting Company from 1993 to 2002, and another time from 2016 to 2018. Stargate, a film approximately anciental astronauts and interstellar teleportation, was released in 1994. Stargate SG-1 premiered in 1997 and ran for 10 seasons. Spin-off series included Stargate Infinity , Stargate Atlantis, and Stargate Universe. Other Nineteen Nineties collection protected Quantum Leap and Babylon five.
SyFy, released in 1992 as The Sci-Fi Channel,focuses on technological know-how fiction, supernatural horror, and fable.
The area-Western series Firefly premiered in 2002 on Fox. It is about withinside the 12 months 2517, after the appearance of humans in a brand new celeb system, and follows the adventures of the renegade team of Serenity, a "Firefly-class" spaceship. Orphan Black commenced its five-season run in 2013, approximately a female who assumes the identity of one in every of her endless genetically same human clones. In past due 2015 SyFy premiered The Expanse to exquisite crucial acclaim, an American TV series approximately Humanity's colonization of the Solar System. Its later seasons could then be aired through Amazon Prime Video.
Science fiction's rapid upward jab in reputation for the duration of the primary 1/2 of of the 20 th century was intently tied to the well-known understand paid to technological know-how at that point, as well because the rapid pace of technological innovation and new inventions. Science fiction has often predicted medical and technological development. Some works are expecting that new improvements and development will have a propensity to beautify lifestyles and society, for event the tales of Arthur C. Clarke and Star Trek. Others, which includes H.G. Wells's The Time Machine and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, warn approximately viable horrible consequences.
In 2001 the National Science Foundation completed a survey on "Public Attitudes and Public Understanding: Science Fiction and Pseudoscience." It positioned that people who take a look at or determine upon technology fiction may consider or relate to technology in every other manner than exceptional people. They additionally have a tendency to manual the distance software program and the concept of contacting extraterrestrial civilizations. Carl Sagan wrote: "Many scientists deeply concerned withinside the exploration of the sun tool (myself among them) have been first grew to emerge as in that course via way of technological know-how fiction."[9,128]
Science fiction attempts to combination fiction and truth seamlessly in order that the viewer may be immersed withinside the creative international. This includes characters, settings, and system and likely maximum critically, the medical plausibility and accuracy of technological information and technological concepts. Sometimes, technology fiction forecasts actual lifestyles enhancements and discoveries. Science fiction has expected numerous contemporary inventions, including the atomic bomb, robots, and borazon. In the 2020 series Away astronauts use a actual-lifestyles Mars rover known as InSight to pay interest carefully for a touchdown on Mars. Two years later in 2022 scientists used InSight to pay interest for the landing of a actual spacecraft. In the Jurassic Park franchise, dinosaurs are constituted of anciental DNA and 18 years later, actual lifestyles scientists found dinosaur DNA in anciental fossils.
Brian Aldiss defined technology fiction as "cultural wallpaper." Evidence for this big have an effect on may be discovered in trends for writers to hire technological know-how fiction as a tool for advocacy and generating cultural insights, as well as for educators while teaching throughout a range of educational disciplines no longer restrained to the herbal sciences. Scholar and technology fiction critic George Edgar Slusser stated that technology fiction "is the only real global literary form we've today, and as such has branched out to visible media, interactive media and directly to some thing new media the arena will invent withinside the 21st century. Crossover troubles among the sciences and the arts are essential for the century to come."
Science fiction has occasionally been used as a cappotential of social protest. George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) is an vital paintings of dystopian technology fiction. It is often invoked in protests towards governments and leaders who're considered as totalitarian. James Cameron's 2009 movie Avatar turned into as soon as meant as a protest in competition to imperialism, and specially the European colonization of the Americas.
Robots, artificial humans, human clones, smart computers, and their possible conflicts with human society have all been vital troubles of technology fiction since, as a minimum, the manual of Shelly's Frankenstein. Some critics have taken into consideration this as reflecting authors’ concerns over the social alienation considered in modern-day society.
Feminist technological know-how fiction poses questions on social problems along with how society constructs gender roles, the feature reproduction plays in defining gender, and the inequitable political or private electricity of 1 gender over others. Some works have illustrated those subjects the use of utopias to discover a society wherein gender variations or gender strength imbalances do not exist, or dystopias to discover worlds wherein gender inequalities are intensified, therefore putting forward a need for feminist paintings to continue.[10,72]
Climate fiction, or "cli-fi," gives with problems regarding neighborhood climate trade and worldwide warming. University courses on literature and environmental issues also can include neighborhood climate alternate fiction of their syllabi, and it's far frequently noted by means of one-of-a-kind media out of doors of technology fiction fandom.
Libertarian technology fiction specializes in the politics and social order implied through right libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and personal property, and in a few instances anti-statism.
Science fiction comedy often satirizes and criticizes present-day society, and occasionally makes a laugh of the conventions and clichés of more severe technological know-how fiction.
The achievable for Science Fiction as a fashion is no longer simply confined to being a literary sandbox for exploring otherworldly narratives but can act as a vehicle to research and recognize a society's beyond, present, and plausible destiny social relationships with the Other. More especially, Science Fiction presents a medium and illustration of Alterity and variations in social identity.
Science fiction is often stated to inspire a "feel of wonder." Science fiction editor and critic David Hartwell wrote: "Science fiction’s appeal lies in combination of the rational, the believable, with the miraculous. It is an appeal to the enjoy of wonder." Carl Sagan stated: "One of the extraordinary blessings of technology fiction is that it may bring bits and pieces, hints, and phrases, of expertise unknown or inaccessible to the reader . . . works you remember over because the water is strolling out of the bath or as you stroll via the woods in an early wintry weather snowfall."[11,75]
In 1967, Isaac Asimov commented at the changes then taking vicinity withinside the technology fiction network: "And because of the truth today’s real life so resembles day-earlier than-yesterday’s delusion, the old-time enthusiasts are restless. Deep inside, whether or not they admit it or now no longer, is a sense of sadness or even outrage that the outer international has invaded their personal domain. They feel the lack of a 'feel of wonder' because of the truth what turned into as soon as as soon as honestly constrained to 'wonder' has now emerge as prosaic and mundane."