Science and world

Keywords: seeder, seeding machine, non-loose seeds, productivity. 
 
Nowadays the industry of the post-Soviet countries does not produce seeders for sowing small-seeded crops 
(oilseeds, fodder). In many agricultural enterprises (large, medium-sized), grain seeders of the SZ family are mainly 
used to solve this problem [7]. 
The basic model of this family is the C3-3,6 seeder (1971), and it belongs to the family of combined seeders 
with a high degree of unification with pneumatic wheels, hydraulic lifting of coulters, with an improved design of all 
working bodies. Initially, the seeders of the C3-3,6 family were designed for sowing grain crops (grain-bearing), but 
later they were produced specially for other crops, such as SZL-3,6-flax, SZT-3,6-grain grass of meadow grasses, SRN-
3,6 – rice, SZS-2,1 – stubble, SZG-2,4 – mountain, etc. Later (the beginning of the 1980s in the USSR), new 
generations of grain seeders were created: the SZS, SZP, combined SZK-3.3 series; the modernized rice SRN-3.6 A; the 
modernized family of seeders (C3-3.6), which provided ease of maintenance with increased reliability and quality of 
sowing crops. Currently, in the CIS countries, including in the market of the EAEU countries, in addition to monoblock 
seeders of the NW type (modifications), there are also centralized seeders with a pneumatic conveyor. Some farms still 
use Soviet-era seeders. In addition, many modern foreign seeders are used in the new type of farms, but we can say that 
the number of the latter is insignificant [6]. 
As mentioned above, in recent years there has been a tendency to switch from mechanical to pneumatic 
seeding systems. The principle of operation of pneumatic sowing systems is based on the distribution and transportation 
of seeds by air flow or vacuum suction. Such systems have a number of advantages, in particular, a low percentage of 
damage (crushing) of seeds, compensation of the speed of the tractor with the speed of the dosed material in the coulter 
group of seeders along the seed line [2]. 
The technological process of growing forage crops, especially seeds with difficult flowability (rump, stumpless 
oatmeal, granary, etc.) is inextricably linked with the quality of the seeding machine. The quality of sowing and yield 
largely depend on the impeccable design (construction) of the sowing machine, the technical condition, as well as the 
correct setting. For sowing seeds with a fluid characteristic, in practice, seeders are used, which include superchargers 
and agitators, and it is also allowed to sow together with other materials (in this case, it can be a fertilizer, sand, seeds of 
other crops) [1]. 
Seeding machines are used to select seeds from the total mass and form a dosed flow with specified 
parameters, which also determines the nature and quality of the distribution of seeds in a row. Seeding machines based 
on the principle of capturing and feeding seeds are divided into the following groups: mechanical; pneumatic; 
pneumomechanical; hydraulic; electric [10]. 
Of the listed seeding machines, mechanical ones are the most common, and pneumatic and pneumomechanical 
(combined) seeding machines occupy only a small part. A brief overview of the seeding machines is given below. 
Mechanical seeding machines are reliable in operation and simple in design and are divided into devices of 
periodic and continuous action. The periodic ones are characterized by a large portion size, which is due to the periodic 
© Ospanova Sh.K., Nurgaziyeva A.E., Narimanov M.E. / Оспанова Ш.К., Нургазиева А.Е., Нариманов М.Е., 2021 

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