Science and world
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science and world no 5 81 may vol ii
Abstract. Music has the power to generate feelings and influence mood. The present work of investigation was proposed to know if the people are able to identify emotions through music. For this, an instrument is used, in the vali- dation phase, that evaluates the emotional identification through music. All the students are from Spain (N = 211) and Bulgaria (N = 84). The research instrument consists of two parts; on the one hand, it is intended to know if the subjects evaluated are capable of discriminating between two basic characteristics of music that are related to emotions: speed and intensity; and, on the other hand, the instrument measures the ability of individuals to identify emotions and ex- press them on paper by drawing four basic features in an empty face. For this, explicitly chosen twenty-second frag- ments of different classical music are used. The results obtained show that the students are able to identify successfully the emotions of joy, anger, fear, sadness, peace and love with classical music. Keywords: music, emotion, emotional identification, joy, sadness, anger, fear, serenity, love. Introduction Music has the power to generate feelings and influence mood. Many people value music primarily because of the emotions it transmits to them. According to Juslin and Västfjäll [8], playing music generates satisfactory emotions and happiness. Several works of the scientific literature record a clear identification of four basic and commonly recognized emotions: joy, sadness, fear and anger [3, 7]. There are several classifications regarding recognition of emotions like Montepare [8] or Montirosso, Peverelli, Frigerio, Crespi & Borgatti [11]; But all of them coincide in their clear identification at an early age. Many authors consider that the basic emotions are 6 adding disgust and surprise to the 4 already mentioned (joy, sadness, anger and fear). According to Fernández-Abascal [4], these 6 emotions are identified in all human beings in the same way, so it can be said that they are universal. Mohn, Argstatter, and Wilker [12] further claim that these six basic emotions can be perceived by subjects by listening to previously unknown music. Thus, the authors conclude that joy, anger, disgust, surprise, sadness and fear are detectable in music. In their research, they used musical fragments that were specially composed for the test and were played live by performers for few seconds. The data obtained show that previously acquired musical experience or certain personality traits do not seem to influence the results. It is also true that "People often listen to music influenced by their state of mind" [13, p. 251]. This team of re- searchers came to this conclusion when conducting a study on the influence exerted by some characteristics of music (tempo and mode) on emotions. The authors determine that the musical characteristics interact in the modulation of the emotions. "Interaction effects further suggest that musical characteristics interplay in modulating emotions. So, time, mode, and percussiveness indeed modulate our emotions and, consequently, can be used to direct emotions. “ [13, p. 250] It is very interesting to analyze the music and its influence on the brain, as well as the emotions that it wakes up. In this respect, Koelsch, Fritz, Cramon, Müller and Friederici [9] performed a study in which they used pleasant music (consonant) contrasting it with disagreeable music (permanently dissonant) to evoke emotions. The purpose of the research was focused on determining the neural correlations of emotional processing. Functional magnetic reso- nance imaging (MRI) was used for this purpose. The conclusion reached was that unpleasant music activates an exten- sive neural network and that the effects of emotional processing have temporal dynamics. In the same field, a study by Herbert, Gagnon and Peretz [6] concluded the existence of cerebral hemispheric differentiation during pleasant (tonal) and unpleasant (atonal) musical emotions. Both authors affirm that the left hemi- sphere is more involved in the positive musical experiences (which generates warm feelings) and the right hemisphere in the negative musical experiences (which generates negative affects). The study presented by Díaz [2] and other re- searchers belonging to the neuroscience group of musical emotions of the UNAM of Mexico also corroborates the con- clusions of Hebert et all. [6]. Social interactions constantly involve the perception of non-verbal emotional information. It is mainly facial expressions that act as powerful representations of such information and the ability to recognize them accurately allows us to detect not only the emotional state of another person but also provides clues about how to act in complex social © Ivanova Iotova A., Shtereva K. / Иванова Йотова А., Штерева К., 2020 |
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