Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)
Table 1. The most common kinds of light sources. 5
Download 487.19 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Atomic Spectroscopy
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Figure 3.
Table 1.
The most common kinds of light sources. 5 Atomic Spectroscopy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89269 detectors use a semiconductor compound as the photosensitive surface. One advan- tage of the Si photodiode manufactured utilizing semiconductor process is that it is easy to miniaturize. Infrared photons do not have enough heat to generate a measur- able current with a photon transducer [11]. A transducer’s electrical signal is sent to a signal processor where it is dis- played in a form that is more convenient to explain. The analog meters, digital meters, recorders, and computers equipped with data acquisition boards are good examples of signal processors. A signal processor is used in calibrating the detector’s Figure 3. Schematic diagram of wavelength selectors: (a) filters and (b) a diffraction grating monochromator. Table 2. Examples of detectors for spectroscopy. Figure 4. Diagram of a phototube and a photomultiplier tube. Modern Spectroscopic Techniques and Applications 6 response, amplificating the transducer’s signal, removing noise by filtering, or mathematically transforming the signal [11] (Table 2). 4. Atomic spectroscopy: sample preparation An ideal sample preparation should remove interfering components from the matrix and to adjust of analyte to facilitate the actual measurement. Methods for destruction of the organic matrix by simple heating or by acid digestion have been developed and are thoroughly approved. Microwave heating is used for this purpose, with the specifically designed a compatible equipment to avoid danger- ous of excessive pressure within reaction flask. Although the number of samples that can be processed is not large, microwave heating affords rapid digestion and low reagent blanks. More recent developments include continuous flow sys- tems for automated digestion which has a direct link with the instrument [12]. Liquid-liquid portioning has been widely applied for preconcentration procedure. Analyte atoms in a large volume of aqueous solution are complexed with a suitable agent and collected into a small volume of solvent. Vapor genera- tion procedures permit the rapid introduction of 100% of the sample into the atomizer and are used for AAS, AES, AFS, and ICP-MS. Certain elements such as arsenic, selenium, and bismuth readily evolve gaseous hydrides and transferred by a flow of inert gas to an AES, and ICP-MS or to a heated silica tube positioned in the light path for AAS, AFS. The tube can be heated using the air-acetylene flame or an electric current. The obtained heat is enough to cause decomposi- tion of the hydride and atomization of the analyte. Thus, there is no loss off analyte, which in all the atoms flow the light path with in few seconds and they are trapped within the silica tube that was retarded their dispersion. Any sample volume added to the reaction container, hydride generation AAS has detection limits a few nanograms of analyte. Mercury can quickly form a vapor in the ambient temperature, and this property is the basis for cold vapor generation. When a reducing agent is added to sample solution, Hg 2+ converts to the elemen- tal mercury. Agitation or bubbling of gas through the solution is used to enhance rapid vaporization of the atomic mercury and to improve the transfer of mercury to a flow through cell located in the light path. As with hydride generation, the detection limit is a few nanogram and some manufacturers have been developed common instrumentation to accomplish both procedures. Chromatographic or electrophoretic techniques have been also developed that are coupled directly to the atomic spectroscopic instrument to develop integrated analytical arrangements [13]. Download 487.19 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling