Self study 2 Task Vocabulary Exercise 1

9) Grafting - injection into someone's organ of a drug to prevent disease.
10) Refractions - break in two.
11) Medieval - related to the Middle Ages, taking place, taking place during this period.


Task 3. Grammar


Exercise 1. In each sentence of this text below, one article is missing. Write a, an or the where appropriate.
Sweden has long history of rules and regulations aimed at guiding citizens on the right path. A majority of Swedes seem content with the prohibitions they believe help keep their country one of safest on Earth. As Sweden is extremely child-focused society, much of the paternalistic protection is directed towards children. For example, all television advertising aimed at children under age of 12 - from junk food to toys to video games - has been banned on terrestrial channels before 9 p.m. since 1991. Although it has many admirers, ban is not entirely successful because the satellite television stations that broadcast from outside Sweden are free to target children as much as they like. Despite this, health professionals say the relatively low incidence of children's advertising has been big factor in the exceptionally low levels of overweight children in Sweden.
Task 4. Writing
Write about a historical figure who you admire.
Write your opinion (150-200 words)


Inventor, engineer, painter, sculptor and scientist, Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest figures of the Renaissance. This inimitable master of art and design has put into practice his outstanding skills in weapon design, architecture, canal buildings and military education. In some of his inventions, da Vinci resorted to the use of drawings, which can be considered outstanding examples of illustrated graphics of those days. Among these inventions were a wall-storming machine, an automatic ignition device for firearms, an Ornithopter aircraft, a barrel stretcher, an aircraft 1488, an aircraft 2, an armored car, a giant crossbow, an eight-barreled machine gun, and a parachute. The levels of graphic detail seen in these drawings and inventions vary greatly. Some of the more notable of these designs and inventions will be discussed in detail below. The da Vinci eight-barreled machine gun is one of his military inventions, in which he demonstrates not only his excellent ability to be a practical inventor, but also his great design talent. By examining the drawing of this object, you can see several levels of its graphical details, including details of the shaft, trigger, and loader. This part usually consists of several main parts with their own specific goals. The main part of the mechanism is aimed at shaft formation. It consists of wooden parts of the same size that can be seen in the drawings. Another important part of the mechanism is the escapement, where we can observe several rods and levers. Another important detail is the loading mechanism. The drawings show a mechanism with comfortable handles designed to protect the user of this object from any possible harm that can be caused by explosive materials.
Next, da Vinci's Wall Storming Machine is another example of his great gender and design flair. The drawings of this machine are among the most detailed da Vinci drawings currently in existence. Having studied the design of the machine, you can see all the small details of its design, including the materials intended for its construction. The machine consists of the main wooden part, designed to carry the articular part of the mechanism, which is designed to fire at the enemy's walls. This part of the pyramidal shape has wheels and joint splinters designed to transport it within fairly large areas.
Finally, da Vinci's automatic ignition device for firearms is another example of his superior engineering ability. The device consists of a coil that serves as the main part of its mechanism, an axle that is designed to control the operation of the coil, bushings that connect the parts of the device and enhance the efficiency of the ignition mechanism, and an expanding mandrel to expand the holding mechanism of this outstanding piece of da Vinci engineering. The drawings of this device are made in a precise manner, keeping the proportions of its mechanisms in official accuracy. The basic concepts that da Vinci used to invent this device were actively used by blade smiths in the 17th and 18th centuries. Some of the brilliant ideas that da Vinci had in this device were used to ignite mechanisms in the early 20th century.


Task 5. Presentation
Make a presentation (8-12 slides) on the topic: The most important person in the history of mankind.